Bio Ch 27 Flashcards
Flower
reproductive structure of angiosperms; produces 2 types of spores by meiosis, microspores and megaspores
Microspore
undergoes mitosis and becomes a pollen grain, which is either windblown or carried by an animal to the vicinity of the female gametophyte
Megaspore
undergoes mitosis and becomes the female gametophyte
Seed
ovule becomes this; contains the embryo and stored food surrounded by a seed coat
Sepals
most leaflike of all the flower parts; usually green; protect the bud as the flower develops within
Calyx
collective name for sepals
Petals
open flower has a whorl of these; color accounts for attractiveness; size/shape/color are attractive to a specific pollinator
Corolla
collective name for the petals
Stamens
male portion of the flower; 2 parts = filament and anther
Carpel
vaselike structure that represents the female portion of the flower; 3 parts = style, stigma, ovary
Style
slender stalk that supports the stigma
Stigma
enlarged sticky knob
Ovary
enlarged base that encloses 1 or more ovaries
Gametophytes
in all land plants, the sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis; the spores grow and develop into haploid these, which produce gametes by mitotic division
Pollen grain
in seed plants, structure that is derived from a microspore and develops into a male gametophyte
Embryo sac
female gametophyte; consists of 7 cells - 1 egg associated with 2 synergid cells, 1 central cell with 2 polar nuclei and 3 antipodal cells
Pollination
transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a carpel
Double fertilization
when the pollen tube reaches the micropyle, this occurs; one of the sperm unites with the egg to form a 2n zygote; 2nd sperm unites with the 2 polar nuclei centrally placed in the embryo sac to form a 3n endosperm nucleus
Endosperm
nutritive tissue that the developing embryonic sporophyte will use as an energy source
Coevolution
as one species changes, the other species undergoes adaptation in response, so that in the end, the 2 species are suited to one another
Development
programmed series of stages from a simple to a more complex form
Differentiation
specialization of structure and function; occurs as development proceeds
Cotyledons
seed leaves; embryo is heart shaped when these appear because of local, rapid cell division
Fruit
in botany, a mature ovary that can also contain other flower parts, such as the receptacle; protect and help disperse seeds
Simple fruit
fruit derived from a single ovary that can have 1 or several chambers
Compound fruit
derived from several groups of ovaries
Aggregate fruit
if a single flower has multiple ovaries (ex. blackberry)
Multiple fruit
1 receptacle flowers with ovaries that fuse to form this
Exocarp
outermost skin of the fruit
Mesocarp
fleshy tissue between the exocarp and endocarp of the fruit
Endocarp
serves as the boundary around the seed(s); may be hard or papery
Dry fruits
legumes, wheat/rice/corn grains
Drupe
fleshy fruit with a pit containing a single seed produced from a simple ovary
Legume
dry dehiscent fruit produced from a simple ovary
Samara
dry indehiscent fruit produced from a simple ovary
Germinate
if conditions are right, seeds may do this to form a seedling; doesn’t usually take place until there is sufficient water, warmth and oxygen to sustain growth
Dormancy
for seeds, this is the time when no growth occurs
Asexual reproduction
production of an offspring identical to a single parent
Stolons
horizontal stems that can be seen because they run aboveground
Rhizomes
underground stems that produce new plants asexually
Tissue culture
growth of a tissue in an artificial liquid or solid culture medium
Totipotent
each plant cell has the genetic capability of becoming an entire plant
Cell suspension culture
technique that allows scientists to extract chemicals (ex. secondary metabolites) from plant cells, which may have been genetically modified; allows scientists to avoid over-collection of wild plants from their natural environments
