Lab Ex 41 Vertebrate Animal Tissues - Epithelial, Connective, Muscular & Nervous

Question 1

Tissue

Answer 1

cells with similar structure and function

Question 2

Organs

Answer 2

tissues and their functions integrate to form these

Question 3

Systems

Answer 3

organs work together as these, such as respiratory or digestive

Question 4

Epithelial tissue

Answer 4

protects the body; covers the exterior of an organism, lines the gut, and lines the coelomic cavity; specifically (1) protect underlying tissues from dehydration and mechanical damage (2) provide a selectively permeable barrier that facilitates or impedes passage of materials (3) provide sensory surfaces, & (4) secrete fluids

Question 5

Simple epithelium

Answer 5

refers to the tissue occurring in one layer

Question 6

Stratified epithelium

Answer 6

refers to multiple layers

Question 7

Pseudostratified

Answer 7

refers to a single layer of cells that appear stratified because the nuclei appear in different positions within the columnar cells

Question 8

Squamous

Answer 8

cells that are flat like fried eggs

Question 9

Cuboidal

Answer 9

cells shaped roughly like cubes

Question 10

Columnar

Answer 10

cells that are tall and narrow

Question 11

Simple squamous

Answer 11

epithelial cells that are irregular and flattened; minimal barrier to diffusion; line alveoli of lungs, filtration system of kidneys, and major cavities of the body

Question 12

Simple cuboidal & columnar

Answer 12

appear fuller than do squamous cells; shaped as their names imply; line respiratory and intestinal tracts & ducts such as kidney tubules

Question 13

Stratified tissues

Answer 13

several layers thick; typically, the upper layer is squamous, the middle is cuboidal, and the basal (bottom) layer columnar; skin is most obvious example

Question 14

Keratin

Answer 14

skin cells produce this strong, fibrous protein found in hair and fingernails

Question 15

Exocrine glands

Answer 15

glandular epithelium derived from tubular invaginations of epithelial layers and include the liver, mammary glands, and pancreas; cellular secretions of these move to the surface and away from the organs via ducts

Question 16

Hepatocyte

Answer 16

liver cell

Question 17

Connective tissue proper

Answer 17

loose and dense connective tissues with an abundance of fibers

Question 18

Special connective tissues

Answer 18

blood, cartilage, bone, each having a characteristic extracellular matrix

Question 19

Loose connective tissue

Answer 19

consists of cells scattered within an amorphous mass of proteins that forms a ground substance

Question 20

Subcutaneous tissue

Answer 20

AKA areolar tissue

Question 21

Fibroblasts & fibers

Answer 21

in subcutaneous tissue; widely dispersed in vertebrate bodies; irregular branching cells that secrete and extracellular matrix of strong fibrous proteins

Question 22

Collagen

Answer 22

most commonly secreted protein; represents 25% of all vertebrate protein

Question 23

Elastin

Answer 23

fibers with protein molecules arranged so the fibers can stretch

Question 24

Reticulin

Answer 24

thin, branching fiber that supports glands such as the spleen and lymph nodes; also composes junctions between several other kinds of tissues

Question 25

Macrophages

Answer 25

loose connective tissue includes these cells, the immune system's 1st defense against invading organisms

Question 26

Adipose cells

Answer 26

found in loose connective tissue and comprise adipose tissue

Question 27

Dense connective tissue

Answer 27

contains tightly packed collagen fibers; stronger than loose connective tissue

Question 28

Blood cells

Answer 28

these plus their extracellular fluid matrix (plasma) perform a variety of tasks in the vertebrate body, including maintaining proper pH and transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 29

Plasma

Answer 29

blood's extracellular fluid matrix

Question 30

Erythocytes

Answer 30

red blood cells

Question 31

Leukocytes

Answer 31

white blood cells

Question 32

Platelets

Answer 32

enucleated fragments of large bone-marrow cells

Question 33

Hemoglobin

Answer 33

red blood cells sequester this substance, which binds and transports oxygen

Question 34

Cartilage

Answer 34

found in skeletal joints and derives its resilience and support from an extracellular gelatinous matrix of chondrin

Question 35

Chondrin

Answer 35

matrix of cartilage that may be impregnated with fibers of collagen

Question 36

Chondrocytes

Answer 36

chondrin matrix secreted by these cells

Question 37

Lacunae

Answer 37

chondrocytes in cartilage reside in cavities called this

Question 38

Osteocytes

Answer 38

bone cells that maintain a fibrous, crystalline matrix

Question 39

Lamellae

Answer 39

bone is deposited in thin, concentric layers called this

Question 40

Haversian canals

Answer 40

lamellae form a series of tubes around narrow channels called this, which run parallel to the length of the bone; surround blood vessels and nerve cells throughout bone and communicate with bone cells in lacunae through canaliculi

Question 41

Canaliculi

Answer 41

how Haversian canals communicate with bone cells in lacunae

Question 42

Actin & myosin

Answer 42

distinctive feature of muscle is its ability to contract, which results from the interaction of these two protein filaments

Question 43

Myofibrils

Answer 43

bundles of actin & myosin contractile filaments occur within a single muscle cell, and their uniform contraction produces considerable force and movement

Question 44

Skeletal muscle

Answer 44

striated muscle; attached to the skeleton, controlled voluntarily

Question 45

Smooth muscle

Answer 45

long, spindle-shaped, have a single nucleus; line the walls of the gut and blood vessels; their contraction is controlled involuntarily; organized into sheets of cells that contract slowly and rhythmically; uterus and intestine are examples of organs with this type of muscle

Question 46

Cardiac muscle

Answer 46

striated, but involuntary; composed of chains of single, uninucleate cells; have specialized junctions called intercalated disks

Question 47

Intercalated disks

Answer 47

specialized junctions in cardiac muscle between cells that organize them into rather continuous functional fibers similar to those of skeletal muscle

Question 48

Neurons

Answer 48

cells specialized for transmitting nerve impulses

Question 49

Supporting cells

Answer 49

ex. Schwann cells; help propagate the nerve impulse and provide nutrients to neurons

Question 50

Cell body

Answer 50

part of a neuron that contains a nucleus

Question 51

Dendrites

Answer 51

short extensions of a neuron that usually carry impulses toward the cell body from other cells or sensory systems

Question 52

Axons

Answer 52

long extensions of neurons that usually carry impulses away from the cell body