Lab Ex 41 Vertebrate Animal Tissues - Epithelial, Connective, Muscular & Nervous Flashcards
Tissue
cells with similar structure and function
Organs
tissues and their functions integrate to form these
Systems
organs work together as these, such as respiratory or digestive
Epithelial tissue
protects the body; covers the exterior of an organism, lines the gut, and lines the coelomic cavity; specifically (1) protect underlying tissues from dehydration and mechanical damage (2) provide a selectively permeable barrier that facilitates or impedes passage of materials (3) provide sensory surfaces, & (4) secrete fluids
Simple epithelium
refers to the tissue occurring in one layer
Stratified epithelium
refers to multiple layers
Pseudostratified
refers to a single layer of cells that appear stratified because the nuclei appear in different positions within the columnar cells
Squamous
cells that are flat like fried eggs
Cuboidal
cells shaped roughly like cubes
Columnar
cells that are tall and narrow
Simple squamous
epithelial cells that are irregular and flattened; minimal barrier to diffusion; line alveoli of lungs, filtration system of kidneys, and major cavities of the body
Simple cuboidal & columnar
appear fuller than do squamous cells; shaped as their names imply; line respiratory and intestinal tracts & ducts such as kidney tubules
Stratified tissues
several layers thick; typically, the upper layer is squamous, the middle is cuboidal, and the basal (bottom) layer columnar; skin is most obvious example
Keratin
skin cells produce this strong, fibrous protein found in hair and fingernails
Exocrine glands
glandular epithelium derived from tubular invaginations of epithelial layers and include the liver, mammary glands, and pancreas; cellular secretions of these move to the surface and away from the organs via ducts
Hepatocyte
liver cell
Connective tissue proper
loose and dense connective tissues with an abundance of fibers
Special connective tissues
blood, cartilage, bone, each having a characteristic extracellular matrix
Loose connective tissue
consists of cells scattered within an amorphous mass of proteins that forms a ground substance
Subcutaneous tissue
AKA areolar tissue
Fibroblasts & fibers
in subcutaneous tissue; widely dispersed in vertebrate bodies; irregular branching cells that secrete and extracellular matrix of strong fibrous proteins
Collagen
most commonly secreted protein; represents 25% of all vertebrate protein
Elastin
fibers with protein molecules arranged so the fibers can stretch
Reticulin
thin, branching fiber that supports glands such as the spleen and lymph nodes; also composes junctions between several other kinds of tissues
Macrophages
loose connective tissue includes these cells, the immune system’s 1st defense against invading organisms
Adipose cells
found in loose connective tissue and comprise adipose tissue
Dense connective tissue
contains tightly packed collagen fibers; stronger than loose connective tissue
Blood cells
these plus their extracellular fluid matrix (plasma) perform a variety of tasks in the vertebrate body, including maintaining proper pH and transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
Plasma
blood’s extracellular fluid matrix
Erythocytes
red blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells
Platelets
enucleated fragments of large bone-marrow cells
Hemoglobin
red blood cells sequester this substance, which binds and transports oxygen
Cartilage
found in skeletal joints and derives its resilience and support from an extracellular gelatinous matrix of chondrin
Chondrin
matrix of cartilage that may be impregnated with fibers of collagen
Chondrocytes
chondrin matrix secreted by these cells
Lacunae
chondrocytes in cartilage reside in cavities called this
Osteocytes
bone cells that maintain a fibrous, crystalline matrix
Lamellae
bone is deposited in thin, concentric layers called this
Haversian canals
lamellae form a series of tubes around narrow channels called this, which run parallel to the length of the bone; surround blood vessels and nerve cells throughout bone and communicate with bone cells in lacunae through canaliculi
Canaliculi
how Haversian canals communicate with bone cells in lacunae
Actin & myosin
distinctive feature of muscle is its ability to contract, which results from the interaction of these two protein filaments
Myofibrils
bundles of actin & myosin contractile filaments occur within a single muscle cell, and their uniform contraction produces considerable force and movement
Skeletal muscle
striated muscle; attached to the skeleton, controlled voluntarily
Smooth muscle
long, spindle-shaped, have a single nucleus; line the walls of the gut and blood vessels; their contraction is controlled involuntarily; organized into sheets of cells that contract slowly and rhythmically; uterus and intestine are examples of organs with this type of muscle
Cardiac muscle
striated, but involuntary; composed of chains of single, uninucleate cells; have specialized junctions called intercalated disks
Intercalated disks
specialized junctions in cardiac muscle between cells that organize them into rather continuous functional fibers similar to those of skeletal muscle
Neurons
cells specialized for transmitting nerve impulses
Supporting cells
ex. Schwann cells; help propagate the nerve impulse and provide nutrients to neurons
Cell body
part of a neuron that contains a nucleus
Dendrites
short extensions of a neuron that usually carry impulses toward the cell body from other cells or sensory systems
Axons
long extensions of neurons that usually carry impulses away from the cell body
