Bio Ch 6

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

ability to do work or bring about a change

Question 2

Kinetic energy

Answer 2

energy of motion

Question 3

Potential energy

Answer 3

stored energy whose capacity to accomplish work is not being used at the moment

Question 4

Chemical energy

Answer 4

ex. food; composed of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fat

Question 5

Mechanical energy

Answer 5

chemical energy converted into a type of kinetic energy

Question 6

Heat

Answer 6

type of kinetic energy associated with the random motion of molecules

Question 7

Laws of thermodynamics

Answer 7

2 laws explaining energy and its relationships and exchanges; 1st (law of conservation): energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one form to another; 2nd: energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

Question 8

Entropy

Answer 8

relative amount of disorganization

Question 9

Metabolism

Answer 9

sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

Question 10

Reactants

Answer 10

substances that participate in a reaction

Question 11

Products

Answer 11

substances that form as a result of a reaction

Question 12

Free energy

Answer 12

amount of energy left to do work after a chemical reaction has occurred (AKA delta G)

Question 13

Exergonic reactions

Answer 13

Reactions that are spontaneous and release energy

Question 14

Endergonic reactions

Answer 14

Reactions that require an input of energy to occur

Question 15

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 15

common energy currency of cells

Question 16

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Answer 16

ATP is constantly being generated from this (and a molecule of inorganic phosphate)

Question 17

Mole

Answer 17

unit of measurement in chemistry; equal to the molecular weight of a molecule expressed in grams

Question 18

Enzyme

Answer 18

protein molecule that functions to speed a chemical reaction without itself being affected by the reaction

Question 19

Ribozymes

Answer 19

made of RNA instead of proteins; serve as biological catalysts; involved in the synthesis of RNA and the synthesis of proteins at ribosomes

Question 20

Metabolic pathway

Answer 20

series of linked reactions; begin with a particular reactant and end with a final product

Question 21

Energy of Activation (Ea)

Answer 21

energy that must be added to cause molecules to react with one another

Question 22

Substrates

Answer 22

reactants in an enzymatic reaction

Question 23

Active Site

Answer 23

one small part of an enzyme that associates directly with the substrate(s)

Question 24

Induced Fit Model

Answer 24

enzyme is induced to undergo a slight alteration to achieve optimum fit for the substrates

Question 25

Degradation

Answer 25

substrate is broken down to smaller products

Question 26

Synthesis

Answer 26

substrates are combined to produce a larger product

Question 27

Denatured

Answer 27

if the temperature rises above a certain point, enzyme activity eventually levels out and then declines rapidly because the enzyme is this; enzyme changes shape when this happens and can no longer bind its substrate(s) efficiently

Question 28

Cofactors

Answer 28

many enzymes require the presence of an inorganic ion or nonprotein organic molecule at the active site in order to work properly; inorganic ions include copper, zinc, or iron

Question 29

Coenzymes

Answer 29

nonprotein organic molecules; = cofactors that participate in the reaction, may even accept or contribute atoms to the reactions

Question 30

Vitamins

Answer 30

relatively small organic molecules that are required in trace amounts in our diet and in the diets of other animals for synthesis of coenzymes

Question 31

Enzyme inhibition

Answer 31

occurs when a molecule (the inhibitor) binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity

Question 32

Noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 32

inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a location other than the active site

Question 33

Allosteric site

Answer 33

site other than the active site that an inhibitor binds to, thus changing the function of the enzyme

Question 34

Competitive inhibition

Answer 34

occurs when an inhibitor and the substrate compete for the active site of an enzyme

Question 35

Oxidation-reduction reaction

Answer 35

transfer of electrons from one molecule to another

Question 36

Oxidation

Answer 36

loss of electrons

Question 37

Reduction

Answer 37

Gain of electrons

Question 38

Redox reaction

Answer 38

AKA oxidation/reduction reaction

Question 39

NADP+

Answer 39

Nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide phosphate; a high-energy electron-carrier molecule (coenzyme) of oxidation-reduction that is required for glucose production

Question 40

NAD+

Answer 40

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; in metabolic pathways, most oxidations such as those that occur during cellular respiration involve a coenzyme called this

Question 41

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Answer 41

series of membrane-bound carriers that pass electrons from one carrier to another via redox reactions

Question 42

ATP synthases

Answer 42

protons can move back across the membrane by interacting with other enzyme complexes in the membrane called this

Question 43

Chemiosmosis

Answer 43

production of ATP due to a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane