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Pre-Pharm > A&P 27: The Reproductive System > Flashcards

A&P 27: The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive system

A

system that slumbers until puberty

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2
Q

Primary sex organs

A

gonads; testes in males; ovaries in females

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3
Q

Gametes

A

gonads produce these sex cells

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4
Q

Sex Hormones

A

gonads secreted a variety of steroid hormones, commonly called this

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5
Q

Accessory reproductive organs

A

remaining reproductive structures - ducts, glands, external genitalia

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6
Q

Testes

A

sperm-producing male gonads; lie within the scrotum

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7
Q

Scrotum

A

sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis

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8
Q

Dartos muscle

A

layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia; wrinkles the scrotal skin

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9
Q

Cremaster muscles

A

bands of skeletal muscle that arise from the internal oblique muscles of the trunk; elevate the testes

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10
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

two-layered tunic derived from the outpocketing of the peritoneum

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11
Q

Tunica albuginea (male)

A

deep to the serous layer (tunica vaginalis), fibrous capsule of the testis; “white coat”

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12
Q

Semineferous tubules

A

1-4 tightly coiled tubes that make up the actual “sperm factories”, consisting of thick stratified epithelium surrounding a central fluid-containing lumen

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13
Q

Myoid cells

A

3-5 layers of smooth muscle-like cells surrounding each seminiferous tubules; contract rhythmically to help squeeze sperm and testicular fluids through the tubules and out of the testes

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14
Q

Straight tubule

A

the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to form this tube that conveys sperm into the rete testis

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15
Q

Rete testis

A

a tubular network on the posterior side of the testis

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16
Q

Interstitial endocrine cells

A

lying in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules are these Leydig cells that produce androgen (most importantly testosterone)

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17
Q

Testicular arteries

A

long arteries that branch from the abdominal aorta superior to the pelvis

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18
Q

Testicular veins

A

veins that drain the testes

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19
Q

Pampiniform venous plexus

A

testicular veins arise from this “tendril-shaped” network that surrounds the portion of each testicular artery within the scrotum like a climbing vine

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20
Q

Spermatic cord

A

connective tissue sheath encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics; collectively these structures make up the __ ___, which passes through the inguinal canal

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21
Q

Perineum

A

suspends the scrotum and contains the root of the penis and the anus; diamond-shaped region located between the pubic symphysis anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally

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22
Q

Penis

A

copulatory organ, designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

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23
Q

External genitalia (male)

A

penis and scrotum

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24
Q

Glans penis

A

enlarged tip of the penis

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25
Q

Prepuce

A

foreskin; cuff around the glans penis

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26
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

midventral erectile body; surrounds the urethra; expands distally to form the glans and proximally to form the part of the root called the bulb of the penis

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27
Q

Bulb of the penis

A

part of the root of the penis; bulbospongiosus muscle covers it externally and secures it to the urogenital diaphragm

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28
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

paired dorsal erectile; make up most of the penis, bound by the fibrous tunica albuginea

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29
Q

Crura of the penis

A

proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa from these “legs”

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30
Q

Accessory ducts

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

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31
Q

Epididymis

A

cup-shaped; 3.8cm long; head contains efferent ductules, caps the superior aspect of the testis; its body and tail are on the posterolateral area of the testis

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32
Q

Duct of the epididymis

A

most of the epididymis consists of this highly coiled portion, which has an uncoiled length of 6m

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33
Q

Ductus deferens

A

45cm long; runs upward as part of the spermatic cord from the epididymis through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity

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34
Q

Ampulla

A

expanded end of the ductus deferens

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35
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

ductus deferens joins with the duct of the seminal gland to form this short duct

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36
Q

Vasectomy

A

tying off of the ductus deferens so that sperm are still produced, but they can no longer reach the body exterior

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37
Q

Urethra

A

terminal portion of the male duct system; conveys both urine and semen, so it serves both the urinary and reproductive systems

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38
Q

Accessory glands

A

include the paired seminal glands and bulbo-urethral glands and the single prostate

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39
Q

Seminal glands

A

AKA seminal vesicles; lie on the posterior bladder surface; fairly large, hollow glands about the shape and length of a little finger; pouched/coiled/folded back on itself; uncoiled = 15cm; its fibrous capsule encloses a thick layer of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation to empty the gland

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40
Q

Prostate

A

single doughnut-shaped gland about the size of a peach pit; encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder; enclosed by a thick connective tissue capsule; made up of 20-30 compound tubuloalveolar glands embedded in a mass (stroma) of smooth muscle and dense connective tissue

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41
Q

Prostatitis

A

referes to a number of inflammatory disorders with a variety of causes

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42
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

hypertrophy of the prostate; affects nearly every elderly male

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43
Q

Prostate cancer

A

2nd most common cause of cancer death in men (after lung cancer); 2x as common in blacks as in whites

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44
Q

Bulbourethral glands

A

pea-sized glands located inferior to the prostate in the urogenital diaphragm; produce a thick, clear mucus, some of which drains into the spongy urethra and lubricates the glans penis when a man becomes sexually excited

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45
Q

Semen

A

milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretions

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46
Q

Erection

A

enlargement and stiffening of the penis; results from engorgement of the erectile bodies with blood

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47
Q

Ejaculation

A

propulsion of semen from the male duct system; under sympathetic control

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48
Q

Climax (orgasm)

A

entire ejaculatory event

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49
Q

Resolution

A

period of muscular and psychological relaxation

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50
Q

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

A

inability to attain an erection when desired, usually occurs when the parasympathetic nerves serving the penis do not release enough NO

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51
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

sequence of events in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produces male gametes

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52
Q

Diploid chromosomal number

A

normal chromosome number in most body cells

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53
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

23 pairs of similar chromosomes

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54
Q

Haploid chromosomal number

A

number of chromosomes in human gametes (23)

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55
Q

Meiosis

A

gamete formation in both sexes involves this unique kind of nuclear division, that, for the most part, occurs only in the gonads

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56
Q

Reduction division of meiosis

A

meiosis I; reduces the chromosome number from 2n to n

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57
Q

Synapsis

A

process of forming little groups of 4 chromatids

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58
Q

Tetrads

A

groups of 4 chromatids

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59
Q

Crossovers

A

AKA chiasmata; form within each tetrad as the free ends of 1 maternal and 1 paternal chromatid wrap around each other at 1 or more points; allows the paired maternal and paternal chromosomes to exchange genetic material

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60
Q

Equational division of meiosis

A

meiosis II; chromatids are distributed equally to the daughter cells (as in mitosis)

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61
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

cells that make up the epithelial walls of the seminiferous tubules; give rise to sperm

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62
Q

Spermatogonia

A

stem cells; outermost tubule cells, in direct contact with the epithelial basal lamina; divide continuously by mitosis; until puberty, all their daughter cells become spermatogonia

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63
Q

Type A Daughter Cell

A

during/after puberty, 1 of 2 types of daughter cells; this one remains at the basal lamina to maintain the pool of dividing germ cells

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64
Q

Type B Daughter Cell

A

during/after puberty, 1 of 2 types of daughter cells; this one gets pushed toward the lumen, where it becomes a primary spermatocyte

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65
Q

Primary Spermatocyte

A

cell destined to produce 4 sperm

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66
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A

2 smaller haploid cells formed from each primary spermatocyte during meiosis I

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67
Q

Spermatids

A

Daughter cells of secondary spermatocytes

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68
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

streamlining process, during which each spermatid elongates, sheds its excess cytoplasmic baggage, and forms a tail

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69
Q

Spermatozoon

A

“animal seed”; has a head, midpiece, and tail, which correspond roughly to genetic, metabolic, and locomotor regions

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70
Q

Head

A

part of the sperm consisting almost entirely of its flattened nucleus, which contains the compacted DNA

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71
Q

Acrosome

A

helmetlike tip adhering to the top of the nucleus of a sperm cell

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72
Q

Midpiece

A

part of the sperm containing mitochondria spiraled tightly around the microtubules of the tail

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73
Q

Tail

A

part of the sperm; typical flagellum produced by 1 centriole (actually a basal body) near the nucleus

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74
Q

Sustentocytes

A

Sertoli cells; nonreplicating supporting cells; extend from the basal lamina to the tubule lumen

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75
Q

Basal compartment

A

1 of 2 compartments of the seminiferous tubule; extends from the basal lamina to their tight junctions and contains spermatogonia and the earliest primary spermatocytes

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76
Q

Adluminal compartment

A

lies internal to the tight junctions and includes the meiotically active cells and the tubule lumen

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77
Q

Blood testis barrier

A

tight junctions between the sustentocytes form this barrier, which prevents the membrane antigens of differentiating sperm from escaping the basal lamina into the bloodstream where they would activate the immune system

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78
Q

Testicular fluid

A

fluid secreted by sustentocytes, rich in androgens and metabolic acids; provides the transport medium for sperm in the lumen

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79
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis

A

regulate the production of gamete and sex hormones

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80
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

Hypothalamus releases this hormone, which reaches the anterior pituitary cells via the blood of the hypophyseal portal system; controls the release of FSH and LH

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81
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

anterior pituitary gonadotropins, named for their effects on the female gonad

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82
Q

Androgen-binding protein (ABP)

A

released by sustentocytes; keeps the concentration of testosterone in the vicinity of the spermatogenic cells high, which stimulates spermatogenesis

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83
Q

Testosterone

A

male sex hormone

84
Q

Inhibin

A

protein hormone produced by sustentocytes; serves as a barometer of the normalcy of spermatogenesis

85
Q

Male secondary sex characteristics

A

features induced in nonreproductive organs by the male sex hormones; develop at puberty

86
Q

Ovaries

A

female gonads; primary reproductive organs of a female

87
Q

Estrogen and progesterone

A

female sex hormones; estradiol is the most abundant form of 1 and is responsible for estrogenic effects in humans

88
Q

Internal genitalia

A

ovaries and duct system; mostly located in the pelvic cavity

89
Q

External genitalia

A

external sex organs of female

90
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

ligament that anchors the ovary medially to the uterus

91
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

92
Q

Mesovarium

A

suspends the ovary in between the uterus and the pelvic wall

93
Q

Broad ligament

A

the suspensory ligament and mesovarium are part of this peritoneal fold that “tents” over the uterus and supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; encloses the ovarian ligaments

94
Q

Ovarian arteries

A

arteries that serve the ovaries; branches of the abdominal aorta

95
Q

Tunica albuginea (female)

A

each ovary is surrounded externally by this fibrous covering, which is in turn covered externally by a layer of cuboidal epithelial cells (germinal epithelium = continuation of the peritoneum)

96
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

these tiny saclike structures are embedded in the highly vascular connective tissue of the ovary cortex; each consists of an immature egg

97
Q

Oocyte

A

immature egg

98
Q

Follicle cells

A

cells surrounding the ovarian follicles if a single layer is present

99
Q

Granulosa cells

A

cell surrounding the ovarian follicles when more than 1 layer is present

100
Q

Vesicular follicle

A

fully mature follicle; AKA antral or tertiary follicle

101
Q

Antrum

A

central, fluid-filled cavity of a vesicular follicle

102
Q

Corpus luteum

A

glandular structure; “yellow body”; eventually degenerates

103
Q

Uterine tubes

A

AKA fallopian tubes or oviducts; form the initial part of the female duct system

104
Q

Isthmus

A

constricted part of the uterine tube

105
Q

Ampulla

A

distal end of the uterine tube expands as it curves around the ovary, forming this structure

106
Q

Infundibulum

A

the ampulla ends in this open, funnel-shaped structure bearing ciliated, fingerlike projections (fimbriae) that drape over the ovary

107
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

short mesentery that supports the uterine tubes; “mesentery of the trumpet”

108
Q

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

severe inflammation caused by sexually transmitted microorganisms, including gonorrhea bacteria; can cause scarring of the narrow uterine tubes and of the ovaries, resulting in sterility

109
Q

Uterus

A

“womb”; located in the pelvis, anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder; hollow, thick-walled muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum

110
Q

Body

A

major portion of the uterus

111
Q

Fundus

A

rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes

112
Q

Cervix

A

narrow neck/outlet of the uterus; projects into the vagina inferiorly

113
Q

Cervical canal

A

cavity of the cervix; communicates with the vagina via the external os and with the cavity of the uterine body via the internal os

114
Q

Mesometrium

A

the uterus is supported laterally by this “mesentery of the uterus” portion of the broad ligament

115
Q

Cardinal (lateral cervical) ligaments

A

inferior ligaments extending from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis

116
Q

Uterosacral ligaments

A

paired ligaments that secure the uterus to the sacrum posteriorly

117
Q

Round ligaments

A

fibrous ligaments that bind the uterus to the anterior body wall

118
Q

Prolapse of the uterus

A

condition in which the tip of the cervix protrudes through the external vaginal opening

119
Q

Perimetrium

A

incomplete outermost serous layer of the uterine wall

120
Q

Myometrium

A

bulky middle layer of the uterine wall; composed of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle

121
Q

Endometrium

A

mucosal lining of the uterine cavity; simple columnar epithelium underlain by a thick lamina propia

122
Q

Stratum functionalis

A

functional layer of the endometrium; undergoes cyclic changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation (~ every 28 days)

123
Q

Stratum basalis

A

basal layer of the endometrium; forms a new functionalis after menstration ends; thinner, deeper than other endometrial layer

124
Q

Uterine arteries

A

arteries arising from the internal iliacs in the pelvis, ascending alongside the uterus, and sending branches into the uterine wall

125
Q

Arcuate arteries

A

uterine arteries break into these branches within the myometrium

126
Q

Radial arteries

A

the arcuate arteries send these branches into the endometrium

127
Q

Straight arteries

A

radial arteries gives off these branches to the stratum basalis

128
Q

Spiral (coiled) arteries

A

radial arteries give off these branches to the stratum functionalis

129
Q

Vagina

A

thin-walled tube, 8-10 cm long; lies beween the bladder and the rectum and extends from the cervix to the body exterior; often called the birth canal; female organ of copulation

130
Q

Vaginal orifice

A

vaginal opening

131
Q

Hymen

A

incomplete partition formed by mucosa near the distal vaginal orifice; very vascular; may bleed when it stretches or ruptures during the 1st coitus

132
Q

Vaginal fornix

A

vaginal recess formed by the upper end of the vaginal canal loosely surrounding the cervix of the uterus

133
Q

Vulva

A

external genitalia of the female; AKA pudendum; includes the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and structures associated with the vestibule

134
Q

Mons pubis

A

fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis; covered with hair after puberty

135
Q

Labia majora

A

posterior to the mons pubis; 2 elongated, hair-covered fatty skin folds; homologue of the male scrotum (derived from the same embryonic tissue)

136
Q

Labia minora

A

enclosed; 2 thin, hair-free skin fold; homologous to the ventral penis

137
Q

Greater vestibular glands

A

glands that flank the vaginal opening; pea-sized; homologous to the bulbourethral glands of males

138
Q

Fourchette

A

at the extreme posterior end of the vestibule, the labia minora come together to form this ridge

139
Q

Clitoris

A

just anterior to the vestibule; small, protruding structure composed largely of erectile tissue, which is homologous to the penis of the male

140
Q

Glans of the clitoris

A

exposed portion of the clitoris

141
Q

Prepuce of the clitoris

A

skin fold that hoods the clitoris

142
Q

Body of the clitoris

A

part of the clitoris with dorsal erectile columns (corpus cavernosa) attached proximally by crura; lacks a corpus spongiosum that conveys a urethra

143
Q

Bulbs of the vestibule

A

bulbs lying along each side of the vaginal orifice and deep to the bulbospongiosus muscles; homologues of the single penile bulb and corpus spongiosum of the male; during sexual stimulation, these engorge with blood; may help the vagina grip the penis and squeezes the urethral orifice shut, which prevents semen and bacteria from traveling superiorly into the bladder during intercourse

144
Q

Perineum

A

diamond-shaped region located between the pubic arch anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally

145
Q

Mammary glands

A

present in both sexes, but normally function only in females; produce milk to nourish a newborn baby

146
Q

Areola

A

ring of pigmented skin below the center of each breast

147
Q

Nipple

A

central protruding portion of the breast, ringed by the areola

148
Q

Lobes

A

each mammary gland consists of 15-25 of these that radiate around and open at the nipple; padded, separated from each other by fibrous connective tissue and fat

149
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

the interlobar connective tissue forms these ligaments that attach the breast to the underlying muscle fascia and the overlying dermis

150
Q

Lobules

A

smaller units within lobes; contain alveoli

151
Q

Alveoli

A

glandular tissue within lobules that produce milk when a woman is lactating

152
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

compound alveolar glands pass the milk into these ducts, which open to the outside at the nipple

153
Q

Lactiferous sinus

A

each lactiferous duct has this dilated region where milk accumulates during nursing

154
Q

Mammography

A

X-ray exam that detects breast cancers too small to feel (less than 1cm)

155
Q

Radical mastectomy

A

removal of the entire affected breast, plus all underlying muscles, fascia, and associated lymph nodes

156
Q

Lumpectomy

A

excision of a cancerous lump from breast tissue

157
Q

Simple mastectomy

A

removes only the breast tissue and perhaps some of the axillary lymph nodes

158
Q

Oogenesis

A

production of female sex cells

159
Q

Oogonia

A

diploid stem cells of the ovaries

160
Q

Primordial follicles

A

follicles that appear as the oogonia transform

161
Q

Primary oocytes

A

Oogonia transform into these cells and become surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells (follicle cells)

162
Q

1st Polar Body

A

smaller of the 2 haploid cells formed in meiosis I in females

163
Q

Secondary Ooctye

A

larger of the 2 haploid cells formed in meiosis I in females; contains nearly all the cytoplasm of the primary ooctye

164
Q

Ovum

A

if sperm penetration does not occur, the oocyte completes meiosis II, yielding this large egg & the 2nd polar body

165
Q

2nd Polar Body

A

if sperm penetration does not occur, the oocyte completes meiosis II, yielding the ovum and this smaller structure

166
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg

167
Q

Follicular phase

A

period when the dominant follicle is selected and begins to secrete large amounts of estrogen; days 1-14; day 14 = beginning of ovulation

168
Q

Luteal phase

A

period of corpus luteum activity, typically days 14-28

169
Q

Secondary follicle

A

primary follicle becomes this as soon as one more cell layer is present

170
Q

Theca folliculi

A

layer of connective tissue and epithelial cells condenses around the follicle, forming this “box around the follicle”

171
Q

Zona pellucida

A

thick, transparent extracellular layer/membrane; encapsulates the oocyte

172
Q

Late secondary follicle

A

secondary follicle becomes this at the end of stage 3 of the ovarian cycle; clear liquid begins to accumulate between the granulosa cells

173
Q

Antrum

A

large, fluid-filled cavity

174
Q

Vesicular follicle

A

follicle with an antrum

175
Q

Corona radiata

A

surrounding capsule of granulosa cells around the oocyte

176
Q

Ovulation

A

stage 5 of the ovarian cycle; occurs when the ballooning ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte, still surrounded by its corona radiata, into the peritoneal cavity; some women experience a twinge of pain (mittelschmerz) when this occurs

177
Q

Menarche

A

1st menstrual period

178
Q

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

A

series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month as it responds to the waxing and waning of ovarian hormones in the blood

179
Q

Menstruation (menses)

A

days 1-5 of the uterine cycle, in which the uterus sheds all but the deepest part of the endometrium; ovarian hormones are at their lowest normal levels and gonadotropins are beginning to rise

180
Q

Female sexual response

A

similar to that of males; clitoris, vaginal mucosa, bulbs of the vestibule, and breasts engorge with blood and the nipples become erect

181
Q

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A

infectious diseases spread through sexual contact

182
Q

Gonorrhea

A

caused by Neisseria gonnorrhoeae, which invades the mucosa of the reproductive and urinary tracts; the “clap”

183
Q

Syphilis

A

caused by the corkscrew-shaped bacterium Treponema pallidum; usually transmitted sexually, but can be contracted congenitally from an infected mother

184
Q

Chlamydia

A

largely undiagnosed, silent epidemic currently on the rise in college-age students; infects 4-5 million/year; most common bacterial STI in the US; responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of PID

185
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

most common curable STI in sexually active young women in the US; accounts for 7.4 million new cases of STI per year; parasitic infection

186
Q

Genital warts

A

due to HPV (group of 60 viruses); 2nd most common STI in the US; 6.2 million new cases/year; HPV increases the risk of cancers in infected body regions & is linked to 80% of all cases of invasive cervical cancer

187
Q

Genital herpes

A

caused by herpes simplex virus 2; among the most difficult human pathogens to control; acyclovir = antiviral drug of choice

188
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

1 pair of chromosomes of 46 in the fertilized egg

189
Q

Autosomes

A

44 of 46 chromosomes in the fertilized egg

190
Q

X chromosome

A

large chromosome

191
Q

Y chromosome

A

small chromosome

192
Q

SRY gene

A

sex-determining region of the Y chromosome; master switch that initiates testes development/maleness

193
Q

Nondisjunction

A

abnormal combinations of sex chromosomes that occur in the zygote

194
Q

Gonadal ridges

A

gonads of males and females begin their development during week 5 of gestation; these masses of mesoderm bulge from the dorsal abdominal wall just medial to the mesonephros

195
Q

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts

A

future female ducts

196
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts

A

future male ducts

197
Q

Sexually indifferent stage

A

stage of development in which the embryo’s gonadal ridge tissue could develop into either male or female gonads and both duct systems are present

198
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

shortly after gonadal ridges appear, these cells migrate to them from the hindgut

199
Q

Genital tubercle

A

during the sexually indifferent stage, all embryos exhibit this small external projection

200
Q

Urethral groove

A

external opening of the urogenital sinus; on the genital tubercle’s inferior surface

201
Q

Urethral folds

A

flanks the urethral groove laterally

202
Q

Labioscrotal swellings

A

flanks the urethral groove laterally after the urethral folds

203
Q

Gubernaculum

A

strong fibrous cord which extends from the testis to the floor of the scrotal sac; guides migration of the testes; there is also one in females which guides ovaries’ descent

204
Q

Puberty

A

period of life when the reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional

205
Q

Menopause

A

considered to have occurred when a whole year has passed without menstruation

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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