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Pre-Pharm > A&P 19: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

A&P 19: The Cardiovascular System - Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessels

A

closed delivery system that begins and ends at the heart

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2
Q

Arteries

A

vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

Veins

A

vessels that carry blood toward the heart

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4
Q

Lumen

A

innermost tunic of blood vessel walls

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5
Q

Tunica intima

A

innermost tunic of blood vessels

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6
Q

Endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels; continuous with the endocardial lining of the heart; provides a flat, slick surface that minimizes friction as blood moves through the lumen

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7
Q

Tunica media

A

middle tunic; mostly circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin

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8
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

lumen diameter decreases as the smooth muscle contracts

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9
Q

Vasodilation

A

lumen diameter increases as the smooth muscle relaxes

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10
Q

Tunica externa

A

outermost layer of a blood vessel wall; AKA tunica adventicia; composed largely of loosely woven collagen fibers that protect and reinforce the vessel, and anchor it to surrounding structures

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11
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

system of tiny blood vessels that nourish the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall

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12
Q

Elastic arteries

A

thick-walled arteries near the heart (aorta and its major branches); AKA conducting arteries

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13
Q

Muscular arteries

A

arteries that deliver blood to specific body organs; AKA distributing arteries; have the thickest tunica media of all vessels; have an elastic membrane on each face of the tunica media

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14
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest of the arteries

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

microscopic; smallest blood vessels; exceedingly thin walls consist of just a thin tunica intima

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16
Q

Pericytes

A

spider-shaped; smooth muscle-like cells that stabilize the capillary wall and help control capillary permeability

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17
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

most common capillaries; abundant in the skin and muscles; endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions

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18
Q

Intercellular clefts

A

gaps of unjoined membrane in tight junctions, just large enough to allow limited passage of fluids and small solutes

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19
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

endothelial cells in these capillaries are riddled with oval pores; found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs

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20
Q

Sinusoid capillaries (sinusoids)

A

highly modified, leaky capillaries found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla; have large, irregularly shaped lumens, usually fenestrated

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21
Q

Stellate macrophages

A

hepatic macrophages which remove and destroy bacteria in the endothelium of the sinusoid lining in the liver

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22
Q

Capillary beds

A

interweaving networks of capillaries

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23
Q

Microcirculation

A

flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule

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24
Q

Terminal arteriole

A

artery feeding the capillary beds

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25
Q

Metarteriole

A

vessel structurally intermediate between an arteriole and a capillary

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26
Q

Thoroughfare channel

A

continuous with a metarteriole; intermediate between a capillary and a venule

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27
Q

Postcapillary venule

A

the thoroughfare channel joins this vein that drains the capillary bed

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28
Q

True capillaries

A

10-100 per capillary bed, depending on the organ or tissue served

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29
Q

Precapillary sphincter

A

cuff of smooth muscle fibers; surrounds the root of each true capillary at the metarteriole and acts as a valve to regulate blood flow into the capillary

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30
Q

Venules

A

capillaries unite to form these vessels, which range from 8 to 100 micrometers in diameter

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31
Q

Capitance vessels/blood reservoirs

A

veins are called these because they can hold up to 65% of the body’s blood supply at any time

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32
Q

Venous valves

A

formed from folds of the tunica intima, resemble the SL ___ of the heart in structure and function; prevents blood from flowing backwards

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33
Q

Varicose veins

A

veins that are tortuous and dilated because of incompetent (leaky) valves; more than 15% of adults suffer from these, usually in the lower limbs

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34
Q

Venous sinuses

A

highly specialized, flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed only of endothelium; supported by the tissues that surround them, rather than by any additional tunics

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35
Q

Vascular anastomoses

A

blood vessels form these special interconnections

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36
Q

Arterial anastomoses

A

arteries supplying the same territory often merge, forming these

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37
Q

Collateral channels

A

anastomoses provide these alternate pathways for blood to reach a given body region

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38
Q

Arteriovenous anastomoses

A

metarteriole-thoroughfare channel shunts of capillary beds that connect arterioles and venules are examples of the interconnection

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39
Q

Venous anastomoses

A

veins interconnect into these more frequently than arteries form their interconnections

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40
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

the walls of arteries become thicker and stiffen

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41
Q

Atheroscerosis

A

most common form of arteriosclerosis; small patchy thickenings (atheromas) form that can intrude into the vessel lumen, making it easy for arterial spasms or a roaming blood clot to close the vessel completely

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42
Q

Fatty streak

A

accumulating foam cells form this first visible sign of an atheroma

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43
Q

Fibrous/atherosclerotic plaques

A

fibrous lesions with a core of dead and dying foam cells

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44
Q

Complicated plaque

A

cells at its center die, calcium is deposited, and collage fiber production by smooth muscle cells decline; now unstable and prone to rupture

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45
Q

Blood flow

A

volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period (mL/min); = to cardiac output

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46
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood (mm Hg)

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47
Q

Resistance

A

opposition to flow; measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels

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48
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

most friction is encountered in the systemic circulation (well away from the heart)

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49
Q

Systolic pressure

A

pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction; averages 120mmHg in healthy adults

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50
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

when aortic pressure is at its lowest level (70-80mmHg in healthy adults)

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51
Q

Pulse pressure

A

difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures; felt as a throbbing pulsation in an artery during systole

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52
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

pressure that propels the blood to the tissues; diastolic + (pulse pressure/3)

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53
Q

Muscular pump

A

consists of skeletal muscle activity

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54
Q

Respiratory pump

A

moves blood up toward the heart as pressure changes in the ventral body cavity during breathing

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55
Q

Cardiovascular center

A

Cardioacceleratory/cardioinhibitory centers and the vasomotor center

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56
Q

Vasomotor center

A

controls the diameter of blood vessels

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57
Q

Vasomotor fibers

A

the vasomotor center transmits impulses at a fairly steady rate along these sympathetic efferents

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58
Q

Vasomotor tone

A

arterioles are almost always in this state of moderate constriction

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59
Q

Baroreceptors

A

stretch receptors that are activated when arterial blood pressure rises

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60
Q

Carotid sinus reflex

A

baroreceptors taking part in this reflex protect the blood supply to your brain

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61
Q

Aortic reflex

A

baroreceptors taking part in this reflex help maintain adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole

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62
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

when CO2 levels rise, or pH falls, or oxygen content of the blood drops sharply, these receptors in the aortic arch and large arteries of the neck transmit impulses to the cardioacceleratory center, which then increases cardiac output, and to the vasomotor center, which causes reflex vasoconstriction

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63
Q

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

A

hormones that enhance the sympathetic response by increasing cardiac output and promoting generalized vasoconstriction

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64
Q

Angiotensin II

A

renin, acting as an enzyme, generates this, which stimulates intense vasoconstriction, promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure

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65
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

the atria of the heart produces this hormone, which leads to a reduction in blood volume and blood pressure

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66
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

A

produced by the hypothalamus, stimulates the kidneys to conserve water; not important in short-term BP regulation; when BP falls to dangerously low levels, much more of this is released and helps restore arterial pressure by causing intense vasoconstriction

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67
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A

the kidneys can regulate blood pressure indirectly by this mechanism

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68
Q

Renin

A

when arterial blood pressure declines, certain cells in the kidneys release this enzyme into the blood

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69
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

renin enzympatically cleaves this plasma protein made by the liver, converting it to angiotensin I

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70
Q

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

A

converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

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71
Q

Aldosterone

A

angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete this hormone that enhances renal absorption of sodium (water follows)

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72
Q

Vital signs

A

pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature are collectively called this

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73
Q

Pulse

A

the alternating expansion and recoil of arteries during each cardiac cycle allow us to feel this pressure wave that is transmitted through the arterial tree

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74
Q

Pressure points

A

clinically important arterial pulse points; compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during hemorrhage

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75
Q

Auscultatory method

A

most often, systemic arterial blood pressure is measured indirectly in the brachial artery of the arm

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76
Q

Hypertension

A

chronically elevated blood pressure; characterized by a sustained increase in either systolic (above 140) or diastolic (above 90)

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77
Q

Primary (essential) hypertension

A

about 90% of hypertensive people have this type, for which no underlying cause has been identified

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78
Q

Secondary hypertension

A

accounts for 10% of hypertension cases; due to identifiable conditions (ex. obstructed renal arteries, kidney disease, endocrine disorders ~ hyperthyroidism, Cushing’s)

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79
Q

Hypotension

A

low blood pressure (below 90/60); reflects individual variations and is no cause for concern

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80
Q

Tissue perfusion

A

blood flow through body tissues

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81
Q

Autoregulation

A

automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to the tissue’s requirements at any instant

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82
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)

A

powerful vasodilator which acts via a cyclic GMP second-messenger system

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83
Q

Endothelins

A

the endothelium releases potent vasoconstrictors, including this family of peptides, which are among the most potent vasoconstrictors known

84
Q

Myogenic responses

A

fluctuations in systemic blood pressure would cause problems for individual organs were it not for these responses of vascular smooth muscle

85
Q

Reactive hypermia

A

dramatically increased blood flow into a tissue that occurs after the blood supply to the area has been temporarily blocked

86
Q

Active (exercise) hyperemia

A

the phenomenon that occurs when muscles become active & blood flow increases in direct proportion to their greater metabolic activity

87
Q

Vasomotion

A

on/off opening and closing of precapillary sphincters in response to local autoregulatory controls

88
Q

Diffusion

A

net movement occurring along a concentration gradient (from higher to lower)

89
Q

Hydrostatic pressure (HP)

A

force exerted by the fluid pressing against a wall

90
Q

Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc)

A

pressure exerted by blood on capillary walls

91
Q

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPif)

A

blood pressure acting outside the capillaries and pushing fluid in

92
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure (OP)

A

the force opposing hydrostatic pressure; created by large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins, that are unable to cross the capillary wall; pulling/sucking pressure

93
Q

Capillary colloid osmotic pressure (OPc)

A

oncotic pressure; ~26 mmHg; the abundant plasma proteins in capillary blood (primarily albumin)

94
Q

Interstitial Fluid colloid osmotic pressure (OPif)

A

0.1 - 5 mm Hg; substantially lower because interstitial fluid contains few proteins

95
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

considers all forces acting at the capillary bed

96
Q

Circulatory shock

A

any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally, so blood flow is inadequate to meet tissue needs

97
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

the most common form of circulatory shock, which results from large-scale blood or fluid loss, as might follow acute hemorrhage, severe vomiting/diarrhea, or extensive burns

98
Q

Vascular shock

A

blood volume is normal, but circulation is poor as a result of extreme vasodilation

99
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

pump failure; occurs when the heart is so inefficient that it cannot sustain adequate circulation; usual cause is myocardial damage, as might follow numerous MI’s

100
Q

Vascular system

A

body’s complex network of blood vessels

101
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

oxygen-poor, dark red blood enters the pulmonary circulation as it is pumped from the right ventricle into this vessel, which runs diagonally upward for about 8 cm then divides abruptly to form the R/L pulmonary arteries

102
Q

Lobar arteries

A

in the lungs, the pulmonary arteries subdivide into these arteries (3 in the R lung, 2 in the L lung)

103
Q

Pulmonary capillaries

A

dense network; surround and cling to the delicate air sacs

104
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

the pulmonary capillary beds drain into venules, which join to form these 2 vessels, exiting from each lung

105
Q

Aorta

A

largest artery in the body

106
Q

Ascending aorta

A

1st portion of the aorta; runs posteriorly to the right of the pulmonary trunk

107
Q

Right/Left Coronary Arteries

A

only branches of the ascending aorta; supply the myocardium

108
Q

Aortic arch

A

deep to the sternum; begins and ends at the sternal angle (T4 level); 3 major branches

109
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk

A

passes superiorly under the right sternoclavicular joint and branches into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery

110
Q

Descending aorta

A

part of the aorta that runs along the anterior spine

111
Q

Thoracic aorta

A

part of the aorta that runs from T5 to T12

112
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

part of the aorta inferior to the diaphragm

113
Q

R/L Common Iliac arteries

A

supply the pelvis and lower limbs

114
Q

Carotid sinus

A

contains baroreceptors that assist in reflex blood pressure control

115
Q

Carotid bodies

A

chemoreceptors involved in controlling respiratory rate

116
Q

External carotid arteries

A

supply most tissues of the head except for the brain and orbit

117
Q

Superior thyroid artery

A

artery supplying thyroid and larynx

118
Q

Lingual artery

A

artery supplying the tongue

119
Q

Facial artery

A

artery supplying the skin and muscles of the anterior face

120
Q

Occiptal artery

A

artery supply the posterior scalp

121
Q

Superficial temporal artery

A

each external carotid artery terminates by splitting into this, which supplies the parotid salivary gland and most of the scalp, and a maxillary artery

122
Q

Maxillary artery

A

artery supplying the upper and lower jaws and chewing muscles, the teeth, and the nasal cavity

123
Q

Internal carotid arteries

A

arteries supplying the orbits and more than 80% of the cerebrum

124
Q

Opthalmic arteries

A

arteries supplying the eyes, orbits, forehead and nose

125
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

A

each of these arteries supplies the medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral hemisphere on its side and also anastomoses with its partner on the opposite side via a short arterial shunt (anterior communicating artery)

126
Q

Anterior communicating artery

A

short arterial shunt

127
Q

Middle cerebral arteries

A

run in the lateral sulci of their respective cerebral hemispheres and supply the lateral parts of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes

128
Q

Basilar artery

A

within the cranium, the R/L vertebral arteries join to form this artery, which ascends along the anterior aspect of the brain stem, giving off branches to the cerebellum, pons, and inner ear

129
Q

Posterior cerebral arteries

A

at the pons-midbrain border, the basilar artery divides into a pair of these arteries, which supply the occipital lobes and the inferior parts of the temporal lobes

130
Q

Posterior communicating arteries

A

arterial shunts that connect the posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral arteries anteriorly

131
Q

Cerebral arterial circle

A

the 2 posterior and single anterior communicating arteries complete the formation of this arterial anastomosis

132
Q

Subclavian arteries

A

the upper limbs are supplied entirely by arteries arising from these arteries, which give off branches to the neck

133
Q

Thoracoacromial artery

A

artery supplying the deltoid muscle and pectoral region

134
Q

Lateral thoracic artery

A

artery supplying the lateral chest wall and breast

135
Q

Subscapular artery

A

artery supplying the scapula, dorsal thorax wall, and part of the latissimus dorsi muscle

136
Q

Anterior/posterior circumflex humeral arteries

A

paired arteries that wrap around the humeral neck and help supply the shoulder joint and the deltoid muscle

137
Q

Deep artery of the arm

A

major branch of the brachial artery; serves the posterior triceps brachii muscle

138
Q

Common interosseous artery

A

the ulnar artery gives off this short branch, which runs between the radius and ulna to serve the deep flexors and extensors of the forearm

139
Q

Superficial/deep palmar arches

A

in the palm, branches of the radial and ulnar arteries anastomose to form these arches

140
Q

Metacarpal/digital arteries

A

arteries supplying the fingers; arise from the palmar arches

141
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries

A

supply the intercostal spaces anteriorly

142
Q

Costocervical trunk

A

the superior 2 pairs of posterior intercostal arteries are derived from this trunk

143
Q

Common hepatic artery

A

artery that gives off branches to the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas

144
Q

Gastroduodenal artery

A

where this artery branches off, the common hepatic becomes the hepatic artery proper

145
Q

Hepatic artery proper

A

artery which splits into R/L branches that serve the liver

146
Q

Splenic artery

A

artery passing deep to the stomach, sends branches to the pancreas and stomach and terminates in branches to the spleen

147
Q

Left gastric artery

A

artery supplying part of the stomach and the inferior esophagus

148
Q

Right and left gastroepiploic arteries

A

branches of the gastroduodenal and splenic arteries; serve the greater curvature of the stomach

149
Q

Right gastric artery

A

artery supplying the stomach’s lesser curvature

150
Q

Intestinal arteries

A

arteries serving virtually all of the small intestine and most of the large intestine

151
Q

Ileocolic and right colic arteries

A

arteries serving the ascending colon

152
Q

Middle colic artery

A

artery serving part of the transverse colon

153
Q

Middle suprarenal arteries

A

arteries flanking the origin of the superior mesenteric artery as they emerge from the abdominal aorta

154
Q

Ovarian arteries

A

paired gonadal arteries in females

155
Q

Testicular arteries

A

paired gonadal arteries in males

156
Q

Left colic, sigmoidal, and superior rectal branches

A

final major branch of the abdominal aorta is unpaired and serves the distal part of the large intestine via these branches

157
Q

Common iliac arteries

A

at the level of the sacroiliac joints, these arteries divide into these 2 major branches

158
Q

Superior/inferior gluteal arteries

A

arteries serving the gluteal muscles

159
Q

Obturator artery

A

artery serving the adductor muscles of the medial thigh

160
Q

Internal pudendal artery

A

artery serving external genitalia and perineum

161
Q

Deep artery of the thigh

A

AKA deep femoral artery; main supply to the thigh muscles (hamstrings, quads, and adductors)

162
Q

Lateral/medial circumflex femoral arteries

A

proximal branches of the deep femoral artery; encircle the neck of the femur

163
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

the anterior tibial artery becomes this artery at the ankle; supplies the ankle and dorsum of the foot; clinically important pulse point to check for blood supply to the leg

164
Q

Arcuate artery

A

artery that issues the dorsal metatarsal arteries to the metatarsus of the fott

165
Q

Plantar arch

A

the superficial dorsalis pedis ends by penetrating into the sole where it forms the medial part of this arch

166
Q

Fibular (peroneal) artery

A

supplies the lateral fibularis muscles of the leg

167
Q

Lateral/medial plantar arteries

A

arteries serving the plantar surface of the foot

168
Q

Plantar metatarsal arteries

A

with the digital arteries to the toes, arteries arising from the plantar arch

169
Q

R/L brachiocephalic veins

A

union of these veins forms the superior vena cava

170
Q

Internal jugular and subclavian veins

A

each brachiocephalic vein is formed by the joining of these veins

171
Q

Common iliac veins

A

paired veins joined at L5 to form the distal end of the inferior vena cava

172
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

most veins of the brain drain into these interconnected series of enlarged chambers located between the dura mater layers

173
Q

Superior/inferior sagittal sinuses

A

AKA falx cerebri; dips down between the cerebral hemispheres

174
Q

Straight sinus

A

the inferior sagittal sinus drains into this sinus posteriorly

175
Q

Transverse sinuses

A

sinuses running in shallow grooves on the internal surface of the occipital bone

176
Q

Sigmoid sinuses

A

S-shaped sinuses that become the internal jugular veins as they leave the skull through the jugular foramen

177
Q

Cavernous sinuses

A

sinuses flanking the sphenoid body; receive venous blood from the ophthalmic veins

178
Q

Ophthalmic veins

A

veins that drain the nose and upper lip area

179
Q

Facial/superficial temporal veins

A

deep veins of the face and neck

180
Q

Superior vena cava

A

2 brachiocephalic veins unite to form this large vein

181
Q

Brachiocephalic veins

A

blood draining from the mammary glands and the 1st 2-3 intercostal spaces enters these veins

182
Q

Azygos system

A

the vast majority of thoracic tissues and the thorax wall are drained by this complex network of veins; provides a collateral circulation for draining the abdominal wall and other areas served by the inferior vena cava

183
Q

Deep/superficial venous palmar arches

A

arches of the hand

184
Q

Radial/ulnar veins

A

veins of the forearm

185
Q

Brachial vein

A

radial/ulnar veins unite to form this vein of the arm

186
Q

Axillary vein

A

as the brachial vein enters the axilla, it becomes this vein

187
Q

Subclavian vein

A

the axillary vein becomes this vein at the level of the 1st rib

188
Q

Cephalic vein

A

vein that bends around the radius as it travels superiorly and then continues up the lateral superficial aspect of the arm to the shoulder, where it runs in the groove between the deltoid and pectoralis muscles to join the axillary vein

189
Q

Basilic vein

A

vein that courses along the posteromedial aspect of the forearm, crosses the elbow, then joins the brachial vein in the axilla, forming the axillary vein

190
Q

Median cubital vein

A

at the anterior aspect of the elbow, this vein connects the basilica and cephalic veins

191
Q

Median antebrachial vein

A

vein lying between the radial and ulnar veins in the forearm and terminates at the elbow by entering either the basilica or cephalic vein

192
Q

Azygos vein

A

vein located against the right side of the vertebral column; originates in the abdomen

193
Q

Right ascending lumbar vein

A

vein that drains most of the R abdominal cavity wall

194
Q

Right posterior intercostal veins

A

veins that drain the chest muscles (except the 1st)

195
Q

Hemiazygos vein

A

vein with its origin in the left ascending lumbar vein and the lower (9th - 11th) posterior intercostal veins

196
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

vein that returns blood from the abdominopelvic viscera and abdominal walls to the heart

197
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

veins connecting 3 capillary beds; carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver where it can be “treated” before it reaches the rest of the body

198
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

vein beginning at the L2 level; short

199
Q

Medial/lateral plantar veins

A

unite to form the posterior tibial vein

200
Q

Fibular (peroneal) vein

A

the posterior tibial vein ascends deep into the calf muscle and receives this vein

201
Q

Anterior tibial vein

A

superior continuation of the dorsalis pedis vein of the foot

202
Q

Popliteal vein

A

vein that crosses the back of the knee

203
Q

Femoral vein

A

as the popliteal vein emerges from the knee, it becomes this vein, which drains the deep structures of the thigh

204
Q

External iliac vein

A

the femoral vein becomes this vein as it enters the pelvis

205
Q

Internal iliac vein

A

the external iliac vein unites with this vein to form the common iliac vein

206
Q

Great/small saphenous veins

A

veins that issue from the dorsal venous arch of the foot; 1 = the longest vein in the body

207
Q

Blood islands

A

the endothelial lining of blood vessels is formed by mesodermal cells, which collect in these little masses throughout the microscopic embryo

Pre-Pharm (182 decks)

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