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PHARMA I > PHARMACOKINETICS AND DRUG ADM TERMS PART A > Flashcards

PHARMACOKINETICS AND DRUG ADM TERMS PART A Flashcards

1
Q

tablets, capsules, liquids

A

oral solids and oral liquids

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2
Q

safety coated

A

enteric coated

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3
Q

administered under the tongue for systemic effect

nitroglycerin

A

sublingual

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4
Q

drug placed between gum and cheeks

nicotine gum

A

buccal

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5
Q

most tablets/capsules
releases drug as quickly as possible after administration
onset of action in minutes to hours

A

immediate release (IR)

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6
Q

delayed release
controlled release
extended release
sustained release

A

modified release formulation

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7
Q

drug released over a sustained period
not at a constant rate
variable plasma concentration

A

sustained release

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8
Q

maintains drug release over a sustained period at a nearly constant rate
consistent plasma concentration

A

controlled release

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9
Q

drug is released only at some point after the administration

enteric coated tablets, colorectal drugs

A

modified release formulations

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10
Q

slow uniform absorption of drug over 8h or longer; longer therapeutic effect

dose dumping

A

extended release

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11
Q

pros
useful for local/systemic drug effects in patients unable to tolerate oral administration

cons
unpredictable absorption, patient compliance, irritation

A

rectal route

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12
Q

pros
useful for local delivery and
reduces drug exposure and systemic side effects
small doses and large area of absorption

cons
irritating, dose limitations, time-consuming

A

inhalation

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13
Q

homogenous mixture
most common
for water soluble drugs
IV,IM, SQ

A

solutions

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14
Q

heterogenous mixture
increases stability for insoluble drugs or chemicals
provides slower release from injection
SQ or IM

A

parenteral formulations

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15
Q

for water insoluble drugs
oil in water or water in oil
reduces irritative chemicals
increases stability

A

emulsions

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16
Q

used to store unstable drugs

lyophilized into powder

A

dry powders

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17
Q

injection into the layer of skin just below the dermis and epidermis

A

subcutaneous admin

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18
Q

typical sites are delta, ventrogluteal, vastus laterals, dorsogluteal

A

intramuscular admin

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19
Q

methyprednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone

A

corticosteroids

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20
Q

lidocaine, bupivacaine

A

intra-articular

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21
Q

skin testing, allergy design, TB testing

very small amounts 0.1 mL

A

intradermal

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22
Q

bypasses the blood brain barrier and blood CSF

used for spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid, brain tumors, CNS infections)

A

intrathecal

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23
Q

epidural space around spinal cord

A

epidural

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24
Q

injection into base of penis

A

intracavernous

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25
Q

applied to skin or mucous membranes
local effect
absorption is slow and unpredictable

A

creams, ointments, gels, lotions

26
Q 
systemic absorption
controlled release mechanisms 
used in place of oral
avoids first pass metabolism
available as multi-day therapy
small molecules 
affected by pressure and temp
irritating
A

transdermal patches

27
Q

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the central compartment

A

absorption

28
Q

the fraction of unchanged drug reaching systemic circulation following administration by any route

  • iv administration
  • other routes may be <100%
A

bioavailability

29
Q

main route of transmembrane movement for most drugs

drug molecule penetrate by diffusion along a concentration gradient

lipid-soluble drugs diffuse most rapidly across the membrane

A

passive diffusion

30
Q

ion trapping: acidic drug will accumulate on the more basic side of the membrane and a basic drug on the more acidic side

A

influence of pH on ionizable drugs

31
Q

requires energy to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient
-Na/K ATPase

A

active transport

32
Q

transport of solutes in between cells

tight junctions limit this type of movement

A

paracellular transport

33
Q

rate of diffusion away from the site of administration is directly proportional to the concentration

A

concentration

34
Q

dissolution of the tablet, interactions among the various ingredients

A

physical state of formulation and dissolution rate

35
Q

increases drug degradation since PCN is sensitive to stomach acid

A

penicillin

36
Q

more time in the stomach may cause gastric irritation

A

aspirin

37
Q

absorption is the most rapid from highly vascular tissues

intramuscular injection: deltoid vs gluteus maximus

muscle vs fat

A

vascularity and blood flow

38
Q

to cross the plasma membrane

A

lipid solubility

39
Q
  • well perfused organs receive the most drug initially

- delivery to muscle, most viscera, skin and fat is slower

A

organ perfusion/blood flow

40
Q

determines the concentration gradient between blood and the organ

skeletal muscle has a larger capacity than the brain

A

size of the organ

41
Q

organs with high lipid content will dissolve a high concentration of lipid soluble agents rapidly

A

solubility

42
Q

binding of a drug to macromolecules in the blood or a tissue compartment increase the drug concentration in that compartment

A

binding

43
Q

relates the amount of drug in the body to the concentration of drug in blood

A

volume of distribution

44
Q

movement of drugs between the central compartment and the peripheral compartment

A

two-compartment model

45
Q

plasma concentration is highest immediately after the IV bolus but then rapidly decreases the drug distributes into the peripheral compartment

A

distribution phase

46
Q

after a distribution reaches equilibrium, plasma concentration decreases at a constant rate

A

elimination phase

47
Q

thiopental?

A

a general anesthetic

48
Q

what are the types of plasma proteins?

A

albumin

alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

49
Q

this plasma protein binds acidic drugs

A

albumin

50
Q

this plasma protein binds basic drugs

A

alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

51
Q

only free drug that exerts a biologic effect

A

protein binding and drug action

52
Q

fraction of bound drug determined by?

A

drug concentration
affinity of binding sites
number of binding sites

53
Q

condition and diseases that affect protein binding?

A

hypoalbuminemia

acute phase reactions responses increase alpha 1 acid glycoprotein

54
Q

many drugs accumulate in tissues and generally reversible

A

tissue binding

55
Q

drugs that accumulate

  • tetracycline
  • heavy metals
A

bone

56
Q

stores lipid soluble drugs

low blood flow to fat makes it a stable reservoir for drug

patient variability

A

fat

57
Q

product of metabolism which has pharmacologic effect

may have weaker or stronger effects than the parent compound

example
-morphine to morphine-6-glucuronide and normophine; both active

A

active metabolites

58
Q

product of metabolism without pharmacologic effect

A

inactive metabolites

59
Q

metabolite with harmful properties like morphine to morphine-3-glucuronide

A

toxic metabolites

60
Q

metabolism of a this produces the active metabolite

i.e.- heroin

A

prodrug

61
Q

metabolism of the drug prepares it for elimination

A

elimination

62
Q

the volume of plasma that is filtered of drug per unit time

A

clearance

PHARMA I (138 decks)

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