CONDITIONS THAT IMPACT PK/PD TERMS B

Question 1

name this medication for the elderly?

increased sensitivity to sedation an psychomotor impairment

Answer 1

benzodiazepine

Question 2

name this medication for the elderly?

increased confusion, urinary retention, and constipation

Answer 2

anticholinergics

Question 3

name this medication for the elderly?

increased sedation, cognitive impairment, constipation-increased risk of respiratory depression/overdose

Answer 3

opioids

Question 4

name this medication for the elderly?

greater effect on R

Answer 4

beta-blocker

Question 5

toxicity which causes structural or functional defects in the developing fetus/embryo

name an example?

Answer 5

teratogenesis

thalidomide

Question 6

based on all available data will the drug increase the risk of developmental abnormalities in humans

Answer 6

fetal risk summary

Question 7

information on predictable risk of inadvertent or intentional exposure to the fetus or pregnant women

Answer 7

clinical considerations

Question 8

preterm infants, low muscle mass=low perfusion

variable with age

Answer 8

absorption at site of administration

Question 9

enzyme activities tend to be lower in newborn than in the adult

gastric emptying slower in neonates

gastric pH 6-8 in neonates

Answer 9

GI function

Question 10

total body water is 87% preterm, 75% full term, 55% adult

1% fat (preterm) vs 15% (full term)

less albumin in neonates

Answer 10

distribution

Question 11

neonate metabolism much lower in early life

approaches adult values by 6 months

toddlers (12-36 mo), metabolism exceeds that of adults
-may need higher dosage than adults (mg/kg)

Answer 11

metabolism

Question 12

GFR is much lower in newborns than older infants

2-4 mL/min at birth

Answer 12

elimination

Question 13

this equation is the gold standard that estimates creatinine clearance used for drug dosing

Answer 13

Cockcroft-gault

Question 14

creatinine clearance in children with or without chronic kidney disease

Answer 14

Schwartz equation

Question 15

this is the score used to estimate hepatic function in patient with cirrhosis

Answer 15

child-pugh score

Question 16

when the combined effect/action of two or more drugs equals the sum of the effect of each agent given alone

2+2=4

Answer 16

additive interaction

Question 17

effect results when one substance that does not normally have a toxic effect is added to another chemical, making the second chemical much more toxic like alcohol and benzodiazepines

0+2>2

Answer 17

potentiation

Question 18

when combined effect exceeds the sum of the effects of each drug given alone e.g. antibiotic considerations

2+2»4

Answer 18

synergistic

Question 19

interference of one drug with the action of another

tetracycline and divalent cations

4+6<10

Answer 19

antagonism

Question 20

inert substance of which any drug could have this effect

can be seen as positive effect and can help feel better though not a cure

Answer 20

placebo