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PHARMA I > ANTIMICROBIALS HIGH YIELD I > Flashcards

ANTIMICROBIALS HIGH YIELD I Flashcards

1
Q

1849, who was responsible for finding cholera, communicable disease via water supply

A

John Snow

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2
Q

1860, fermentation, rabies, anthrax, etc..

who was this?

A

Louis Pasteur

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3
Q

19th century, postulates developed

who was this?

A

Robert Koch

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4
Q
  • Natural or synthetic
  • Antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic drugs
  • Interfere with the physiological pathways
A

antimicrobials

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5
Q

subset of antibacterial drugs that are natural products

A

antibiotics

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6
Q

this refers to the chemical moiety of the drug that binds to the microbial receptor

A

pharmacophore

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7
Q

rifampin is a strong inducer/inhibitor?

A

inducer

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8
Q 
azoles
chloramphenicol
macrolides
ciprofioxacin
metronidazole
protease inhibitors

these are inhibitors or inducers

A

inhibitors

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9
Q

this paradigm considers these variables?

A

drug
pathogen
patient

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10
Q

affect of drug on patient is called?

affect of patient’s body on drug?

affect of drug on patient?

A

pharmacodynamic

pharmacokinetics

pharmacodynamic

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11
Q

how to approach a patient with possiblility of using antimicrobials?

A 
suspect infection
culture suspected sites
gram stain
identification
susceptibility
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12
Q

baseline fever discussed in class?

A

> 38.3 degrees celsius

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13
Q

best diagnostics to use?

A

WBC
differential
inflammatory markers
procalcitonin

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14
Q

name this hormone?

increases in response to inflammatory and noninflammatory mediators

specific for bacterial infections and severity for infection

plasma levels increase within 6-12 hours, 25-30 hours as a half-life in plasma

levels for healthy individuals?

A

procalcitonin

<0.05 micrograms/L

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15
Q

how to ID the pathogen?

A 
examine infected material
antigens
gram stain
culture
make determination
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16
Q

susceptibility testing measures?

A

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

17
Q

lowest concentration of the agent that prevents visible growth after 18-24 h of incubation known as?

A

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

18
Q

name this antimicrobial test?

cheap but difficult to interpret

larger zone of inhibition=greater antibiotic effectiveness

diameter ozone is measured and used for interpretation

can’t determine MIC and determining trends can’t either

A

Kirby bauer disk diffusion

19
Q

what is this method for antibiotics?

determines MIC antibiotics

traditional agar and broth dilution provides accurate MIC determination

labor intensive

broth microdilution tests multiple antibiotics simultaneously

A

dilution methods

20
Q

this is a PK/PD relationship

time dependent antibiotics where fraction of time is above the MIC?

A 
B lactam (penicillin, cephalosporin)
clindamycin
21
Q

this is a PK/PD relationship

time dependent antibiotics where the area under the curve measures total body exposure and so we take the integral between two time points, what are examples?

A

fluoroquinolone
vancomycin
azithromycin

22
Q

this is a PK/PD relationship

concentration dependent
ratio of peak to MIC
dosed intermittently

what is the example of this?

A

aminoglycosides

23
Q

what is the post antibiotic effect (PAE)?

A

effectiveness of the antimicrobial continues after the concentrations decline below the MIC

24
Q

these kill pathogens disrupting the cell wall

MBC/MIC <4

beta lactams

A

bactericidal

25
Q

inhibits growth like protein synthesis

MBC/MIC >4

macrolides
tetracyclines

relies on immune system to clear the infection

A

bacteriostatic

26
Q

antibiotic selection based on empirical therapy?

A

best guess based on evidence though pathogen not identified

27
Q

antibiotics active against a large range of microorganisms?

examples?

used for empiric coverage

A

broad spectrum

carbapenems
fluoraquinolones

28
Q

antibiotics active against a limited group of micro organisms?

examples?

A

narrow spectrum

penicillin
aminoglycosides
aztreonam

29
Q

treatment approach to microbes?

A

prophylactic therapy
surgical prophylaxis
prophylaxis is immunocompromised

PHARMA I (138 decks)

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