PHARMACOKINETICS AND DRUG ADM HIGH YIELD PART B

Question 1

what is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 1

study of time course of drug ADME

Question 2

what are the variables of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

age
organ function
health

Question 3

what are some of the considerations of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 3

absorption
distribution
metabolism
elimination

Question 4

bioavailability can be measured via what routes?

Answer 4

any route

Question 5

how do drugs move across membrane barriers?

Answer 5

passive diffusion

pH

Question 6

what law defines how most drugs move across the membrane via passive diffusion?

Answer 6

ficks law of diffusion

Question 7

rate of diffusion is increased when?

Answer 7

area is large
membrane is thin
concentration gradient is high

Question 8

in relation to the Henderson hasselback equation, when in the plasma, when the pH is greater than the pka, what dominates?

Answer 8

the unprotonated form dominates

Question 9

in relation to the Henderson hasselback equation, when in the gastric environment, where the pH is less than the pka, what form dominates?

Answer 9

the protonated form dominates

Question 10

how are drugs transported across the membrane barrier?

Answer 10

active transport

paracellular transport

Question 11

factors that affect absorption?

Answer 11

concentration
physical state of formulation and dissolution rate
area of absorbing surface

Question 12

what is the main affect on oral absorption?

Answer 12

gastric emptying

Question 13

what delays gastric emptying?

Answer 13

increase fats and carbs

high calories, large volume

high intensity exercise

cold beverage

Question 14

what accelerates gastric emptying?

Answer 14

moderate exercise

recumbent position

warm/hot beverage

Question 15

examples of drugs that affect oral absorption? how?

Answer 15

penicillin (increases drug degradation since PCN is sensitive to stomach acid)
aspirin (more time in the stomach may cause gastric irritation)

Question 16

what are the factors that affect absorption?

Answer 16

vascularity and blood flow
inflammation
edematous
vasoconstrictors
lipid solubility
BBB, placenta, fat, skin

Question 17

determinants of distribution?

Answer 17

organ perfusion/blood flow
size of the organ
solubility
binding

Question 18

what is the equation for volume of distribution?

Vd is?

Answer 18

Vd=amount of drug/C

apparent volume of distribution

Question 19

the two compartment model considers the movement of drugs between what two compartments?

Answer 19

central and peripheral compartment

Question 20

the two compartment model consists of what two phases?

Answer 20

distribution phase

elimination phase

Question 21

what are the factors that affect distribution?

Answer 21

plasma proteins
plasma proteins as carriers
protein binding and drug action

Question 22

the fraction of bound drug is determined by?

Answer 22

drug concentration
affinity of binding sites
number of binding sites

Question 23

what are the conditions and diseases that affect protein binding?

Answer 23

hypoalbuminemia

acute phase reactions response increases alpha-1-acid glycoprotein like cancer, MI, crohns disease

Question 24

what are the sites of distribution?

Answer 24

tissue binding
bone
fat