specific cancers - patho E4

Question 1

lung cancer

Answer 1

-leading cause of cancer related deaths
-70% present w/ advanced or metastatic cancer
-early dx is key
->65yr
-AA most affected

Question 2

other risk factors for lung cancer

Answer 2

passive smoke, COPD, asbestos, radon, arsenic, genetics, other

Question 3

lung cancer patho

Answer 3

carcinogen overload -> genetic predisposition -> paralyze the cilia -> lesion development progresses to cancer -> activation of oncogenes -> deactivation of tumor suppressor genes -> rapid proliferation/destruction/invasion

Question 4

non small cell lung cancer

Answer 4

-makes up about 85-90% of all lung cancers
-slow growing

Question 5

small cell lung cancer

Answer 5

rapidly growing tumor that tends to metastasize quickly

Question 6

paraneoplastic ACTH in lung cancer

Answer 6

-involves lung tumor secretion of the ACTH
-the inappropriate secretion of ACTH can chemically resemble melanocyte stimulating hormone
person with lung cancer w/ this will appear tan

Question 7

breast cancer

Answer 7

-the 2nd most common cancer in the US (1/8)
-most develop from lining in ducts
-over expressed estrogen receptors (ER-pos)
-over expressed human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)

Question 8

risk factor for breast cancer

Answer 8

> 50, prolonged repro life, hormone replacement therapy, obesity, late childbirth, nulliparous, fam hx, jewish, BRCA1 & 2 mutation

Question 9

individuals w/ the BRCA gene mutations have increased risk of which cancers

Answer 9

breast, ovarian, colon, pancreatic cancer & prostate in males

Question 10

peau d’orange

Answer 10

a thickening of skin that resembles an orange peel that is a sign of breast cancer

Question 11

paget’s disease of the breast

Answer 11

involves redness, crusting, pruritus, and tenderness of the nipple that is a characteristic of a cancerous change

Question 12

how often should a women at moderate risk of breast cancer get screened

Answer 12

yearly mammograms starting at 45 yrs

Question 13

cervical cancer risk factors

Answer 13

smoking, hx of STIs, HPV, two or more lifetime sexual partners, immunosuppression, genetics

Question 14

condylomata

Answer 14

genital warts that develop from low risk HPV infection

Question 15

cervical cancer clinical course

Answer 15

has long asym period before the disease becomes clinically evident -> commonly an abnormal pap test alerts the individual of a problem

Question 16

cervical cancer screening guidelines

Answer 16

pap every 3 years starting at 21 yrs

Question 17

colorectal cancer

Answer 17

-the 2nd leading cause of cancer death
-beginning at 50, all adults should have a colonoscopy every 10 years

Question 18

what does colon cancer usually start as

Answer 18

a polyp -> a tumorous mass that projects into the intestinal lumen

Question 19

colorectal cancer risk factors

Answer 19

obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, insulin resistance, low fiber diet, high amount of animal fat, diets low in vit A/C/E, ulcerative colitis, heavy alcohol use

Question 20

symptoms of colorectal cancer

Answer 20

fatigue, weakness, wt loss, IDA, changes in bowel habits, melena, diarrhea, constipation

Question 21

what do lower bowel cancer present with

Answer 21

hematochezia (rectal bleeding) and narrowing of stool caliber