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ABSN > male repro - patho - E2 > Flashcards

male repro - patho - E2 Flashcards

1
Q

what main age group does testicular cancer affect

A

men ages 15-34
younger

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2
Q

risk factors for testicular cancer (4)

A

-family hx
-caucasian
-cryptorchidism
-HIV infection

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3
Q

cryptorchidism

A

testicles usually descend by term birth but w/ this disease the testicles do not descend during the first 3 months of life
the higher the testicle, the higher the risk for developing cancer & if correction is not done by 12yrs, person has 2x higher risk
+in 25% of cases the cancer develops in the testicle that descended

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4
Q

what are the two types of germ cell tumors

A

seminomas & nonseminomas

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5
Q

germ cells are

A

the sperm forming cells in the testicles

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6
Q

seminomas germ cell cancer

A

-arise from immature germ cells
-slow growing, nonaggressive
-easily cured w/ radiation

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7
Q

nonseminomas germ cell cancer

A

-arise from mature germ cells
-more aggressive
-usually treated w/ surgery

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8
Q

early clinical manifestations of testicular cancer (4)

A

-enlargement of testicle
-painless mass noted
-ache in groin
-sensation of heaviness
95-99% survival rate at this stage

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9
Q

late clinical manifestations of testicular cancer

A

-possible frank pain
-manifestations based on spread:
cough, hemoptysis, swelling of lower extremities, back pain & dizziness
still 75% survival rate

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10
Q

the prostate

A

-gland surrounding the urethra
-produces seminal fluids
-weighs between 4-20g

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11
Q

how much can the prostate weigh w/ BPH

A

up to 50-80g

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12
Q

BPH

A

nonmalignant enlargement of prostate caused by excessive growth of epithelial cells & smooth muscle cells

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13
Q

the overgrowth of epithelial cells in BPH cause

A

a mechanical obstruction of the urethra

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14
Q

the overgrowth of smooth muscle cells in BPH cause

A

dynamic obstruction of the urethra

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15
Q

risk factors of BPH (3)

A

-age
-family hx
-race/ethnicity (highest in AA, lowest in asian)

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16
Q

BPH usually leads to what

A

lower UTI

17
Q

BPH etiology theories

A

1) hormone imbalance (test goes down in age, estro does not)
2) DHT accumulation bc it stimulates growth factors & is affected by estrogen

18
Q

BPH clinical manifestations (5)

A

-frequency & urgency
-delay in initiation
-reduction in force
-increased urination time
-dribbling
sx not correlated w/ size

19
Q

BPH complications

A

-obstruction
-UTI
-renal problems (stones)

20
Q

treatment for BPH

A

mild: watchful waiting
mod: drug therapy
sev: invasive options (surgery or microwave)

21
Q

drugs for BPH

A

5-alpha reductase inhibitors
alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists

22
Q

when a male is taking BPH meds & their prostate specific antigen (PSA) isn’t decreasing, what is the next step

A

get evaluated for cancer

23
Q

prostate cancer risk factors (3)

A

-age
-familial tendency (8 fold)
-high fat diet (alters sex hormone productions)

24
Q

prostate cancer clinical manifestations

A

early: asym
Late: BPH like, spreads to bone & lungs

25
Q

prostate cancer survival rate

A

almost 100% if caught early

26
Q

prostate cancer controversy

A

prostate cancer is very common but dying from the cancer is rare -> is we use the PSA screenings we increase the amount of prostate cancer we catch / prevent but the aggressive interventions might cause more harm then the cancer itself

27
Q

gleason score measures what

A

likelihood of prostate cancer death

28
Q

between PSA & digital rectal exams, what can catch prostate cancer first

A

PSA by 15 yrs

29
Q

erectile dysfunction (ED)

A

“impotence”
inability to achieve or sustain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse

30
Q

primary ED

A

rare
-life long inability to have normal erection
-severe psychiatric problems
-early vascular trauma

31
Q

secondary ED

A

most common
-ED in someone w/ a hx of normal erections
-organic cause: error in blood flow (peripheral vascular disease), medication (antidepressants & htn), endocrine or trauma/surgery
-psychogenic cause: mental (depression, performance anxiety)

32
Q

physiology of a normal erection

A

sexual arousal -> inc PNS & nitric oxide release -> activation of cGMP -> relaxation of arteries & smooth muscles -> increased inflow and reduced outflow -> engorgement and erection

ABSN (90 decks)

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