Cellular Adaptation & Gangrene (325E1)

Question 1

cell adaptation

Answer 1

changes that your bodies cells go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function, can change size or form (abnormal changes can occur)

Question 2

atrophy

Answer 2

decreased or shrinking cell size (once a certain # of cells do this in a particular organ, the organ will be labeled atrophic)

Question 3

atrophy: physiologic

Answer 3

related to a developmental issue (less common and usually at birth)

Question 4

atrophy: pathologic

Answer 4

related to decreased workload or changed environmental conditions (broke right leg and now muscle doesn’t get used)

Question 5

characteristics of atrophied cells

Answer 5

decreased protein synthesis (building) and/or increased protein catabolism (breakdown)

Question 6

causes of cell atrophy

Answer 6

nutritional deficiencies, decreased blood supply, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging

Question 7

hypertrophy

Answer 7

increased in the size of the cell and can increase function (typically in response to mechanical stimuli)

Question 8

examples of negative hypertrophy

Answer 8

growing of heart and kidney (heart in HNT pumps against higher resistance and the heart muscle gets bigger which isn’t goo)

Question 9

examples of positive hypertrophy

Answer 9

a healthy adult who is working out and gaining muscle

Question 10

hyperplasia

Answer 10

usually never a good thing increased number cells results from increased rate of cellular division response to prolong injury or severe injury (common in cancer & hormonal stimulation)

Question 11

what are the only cells that have the ability to undo hyperplasia

Answer 11

cells with the ability to divide (skin spec. epidermal, intestinal epithelium, glandular cells)

Question 12

when hyperplasia normal

Answer 12

-pregnancy related changes (lactating cells)
-wound healing

Question 13

what can hyperplasia turn into

Answer 13

dysplasia (dys means wrong)

Question 14

dysplasia

Answer 14

abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells (often associated w/ neoplastic growths aka cancer cells)

Question 15

does dysplasia = cancer

Answer 15

no, it is a precursor to cancer

Question 16

how can dysplasia be classified

Answer 16

mild, moderate, severe (is reversible)

Question 17

what is dysplasia associated with

Answer 17

inflammation and chronic irritation

Question 18

what cell adaptation is most associated with cancer

Answer 18

metaplasia (it can predispose to cancer)

Question 19

metaplasia

Answer 19

reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another (often the replacement is less specific (differentiated) to that area) ; allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment

Question 20

what can metaplasia be a pathologic response to

Answer 20

chronic irritation and inflammation

Question 21

neoplasia

Answer 21

cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes (usually become gene mutations)

Question 22

anaplasia (interchangeable w/ neoplasia)

Answer 22

cells differentiate to immature form or embryonic form (these are cancer cells and are associated with neoplasms & malignant tumors)

Question 23

cancer

Answer 23

uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiation

Question 24

neoplasia: benign

Answer 24

reproduce more rapidly than normal cells but slower than malignant cells bc these are non cancerous (less anaplastic)

Question 25

when do benign neoplasia cell cause problems

Answer 25

in areas that are sensitive to compression like the brain

Question 26

neoplasia: malignant

Answer 26

reproduce rapidly with atypical cells, often metastasize (more anaplastic)

Question 27

necrosis

Answer 27

cell death due to injury, disease, or failure of the blood supply

Question 28

characteristics of necrosis

Answer 28

irreversible because it leads to swelling and inflammation then bursts the cell

Question 29

ischemic necrosis

Answer 29

infarction (absence of blood supply)

Question 30

what does prolonged ischemia lead to

Answer 30

gangrene

Question 31

gangrene

Answer 31

dead tissue with bacteria (cannot fight the infection bc of lack of blood)

Question 32

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 32

**the burst cells can become liquid** in tissues with lots of lipids (brain) or where there are numerous inflammatory cells

Question 33

necrotic tissues becomes a breeding ground for what

Answer 33

bacteria

Question 34

what are the most common sites for gangrene

Answer 34

lower extremities (disease associated are vascular diseases and DM)

Question 35

dry gangrene

Answer 35

-black, dry, wrinkled -minimal bacteria present (thin line between healthy & dead) -slow spread (takes weeks-months) -minimal inflammation

Question 36

wet gangrene

Answer 36

-liquefaction (lots of damage) -moist, no pulse, cold, swollen -rapid spread -can be systemic (cues: tachy, fever, confused) -most common in fatty organs but can be in limbs -*foul smell*

Question 37

gas gangrene

Answer 37

-caused by clostridium perfringens d/t trauma or accidents w/ wounds & it destroys connective tissue & cell membranes -anaerobic and spore forming -*gaseous bubbles*