Cellular Adaptation & Gangrene (325E1) Flashcards

1
Q

cell adaptation

A

changes that your bodies cells go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function, can change size or form (abnormal changes can occur)

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2
Q

atrophy

A

decreased or shrinking cell size (once a certain # of cells do this in a particular organ, the organ will be labeled atrophic)

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3
Q

atrophy: physiologic

A

related to a developmental issue (less common and usually at birth)

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4
Q

atrophy: pathologic

A

related to decreased workload or changed environmental conditions (broke right leg and now muscle doesn’t get used)

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5
Q

characteristics of atrophied cells

A

decreased protein synthesis (building) and/or increased protein catabolism (breakdown)

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6
Q

causes of cell atrophy

A

nutritional deficiencies, decreased blood supply, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging

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7
Q

hypertrophy

A

increased in the size of the cell and can increase function (typically in response to mechanical stimuli)

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8
Q

examples of negative hypertrophy

A

growing of heart and kidney (heart in HNT pumps against higher resistance and the heart muscle gets bigger which isn’t goo)

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9
Q

examples of positive hypertrophy

A

a healthy adult who is working out and gaining muscle

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10
Q

hyperplasia

A

usually never a good thing increased number cells results from increased rate of cellular division response to prolong injury or severe injury (common in cancer & hormonal stimulation)

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11
Q

what are the only cells that have the ability to undo hyperplasia

A

cells with the ability to divide (skin spec. epidermal, intestinal epithelium, glandular cells)

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12
Q

when hyperplasia normal

A

-pregnancy related changes (lactating cells)
-wound healing

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13
Q

what can hyperplasia turn into

A

dysplasia (dys means wrong)

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14
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells (often associated w/ neoplastic growths aka cancer cells)

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15
Q

does dysplasia = cancer

A

no, it is a precursor to cancer

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16
Q

how can dysplasia be classified

A

mild, moderate, severe (is reversible)

17
Q

what is dysplasia associated with

A

inflammation and chronic irritation

18
Q

what cell adaptation is most associated with cancer

A

metaplasia (it can predispose to cancer)

19
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another (often the replacement is less specific (differentiated) to that area) ; allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment

20
Q

what can metaplasia be a pathologic response to

A

chronic irritation and inflammation

21
Q

neoplasia

A

cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes (usually become gene mutations)

22
Q

anaplasia (interchangeable w/ neoplasia)

A

cells differentiate to immature form or embryonic form (these are cancer cells and are associated with neoplasms & malignant tumors)

23
Q

cancer

A

uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiation

24
Q

neoplasia: benign

A

reproduce more rapidly than normal cells but slower than malignant cells bc these are non cancerous (less anaplastic)

25
Q

when do benign neoplasia cell cause problems

A

in areas that are sensitive to compression like the brain

26
Q

neoplasia: malignant

A

reproduce rapidly with atypical cells, often metastasize (more anaplastic)

27
Q

necrosis

A

cell death due to injury, disease, or failure of the blood supply

28
Q

characteristics of necrosis

A

irreversible because it leads to swelling and inflammation then bursts the cell

29
Q

ischemic necrosis

A

infarction (absence of blood supply)

30
Q

what does prolonged ischemia lead to

A

gangrene

31
Q

gangrene

A

dead tissue with bacteria (cannot fight the infection bc of lack of blood)

32
Q

liquefactive necrosis

A

the burst cells can become liquid in tissues with lots of lipids (brain) or where there are numerous inflammatory cells

33
Q

necrotic tissues becomes a breeding ground for what

A

bacteria

34
Q

what are the most common sites for gangrene

A

lower extremities (disease associated are vascular diseases and DM)

35
Q

dry gangrene

A

-black, dry, wrinkled
-minimal bacteria present (thin line between healthy & dead)
-slow spread (takes weeks-months)
-minimal inflammation

36
Q

wet gangrene

A

-liquefaction (lots of damage)
-moist, no pulse, cold, swollen
-rapid spread
-can be systemic (cues: tachy, fever, confused)
-most common in fatty organs but can be in limbs
-foul smell

37
Q

gas gangrene

A

-caused by clostridium perfringens d/t trauma or accidents w/ wounds & it destroys connective tissue & cell membranes
-anaerobic and spore forming
-gaseous bubbles