Immunity (325E1) Flashcards
3 processes of inflammation
1) destroy invading and harmful agents
2) limit the spread of harmful agents
3) prepare damaged tissue for repair
when is inflammation a problem
when left unchecked
what are the 5 signs of localized inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
exogenous causes of inflammation
“we did something to our body” falls, burns, surgery, trauma
endogenous causes of inflammation
(lack of O2) tissue ischemia
acute inflammation
<2 weeks
chronic inflammation
> 2 weeks
what type of mechanism is inflammation
a protective mechanism that begins the healing process
events of inflammation
1) tissue injury or bacterial antigens (stimulates response)
2) vasodilation and increased vascular permeabiltiy
3) leukocyte recruitment & emigration (chemotaxis)
4) phagocytosis of antigens and debris
chemotaxis
process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue
exudate: serous
watery, low protein, mild inflammation good kind
exudate: serosanguineous
pink tinged fluid, small amounts of RBC usually normal in post opt events
exudate: purulent (can be called fibrinous)
severe inflammation with bacterial infection, neutrophils, protein, and debris (abscesses may require draining) ** more concerning, thick & sticky**
exudate: hemorrhagic
lots of RBCs, most severe inflammation can be confused w/ bleeding, consider there might be bleeding else where and there is a problem
cytokines are responsible for what
systemic manifestations of inflammation
what are the signs of systemic inflammation
fever
-increased neutrophils (wbc)
-lethargy
-muscle catabolism
find source of infection
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
-cluster of genes on chromosome 6 (aka human leukocyte antigen)
- makes protein for cell surfaces so they can identify themselves as self cells
what does MHC tell us about
specific adaptive immunity
specific adaptive immunity
is an effective & adaptive defense mechanism
what does specific adaptive immunity do
-recognize invaders
-destroys invaders
-retains memory of the invader (the adaptive part)
what cells are responsible for the memory immunity
B cells (humoral -> fluid) & T cells (cell mediated-> responses to cell surfaces), they are lymphocytes (wbc) they do not react to self tissue
B cells: memory cells
cells that remember exposure to antigen (cancer, bacteria, infection)
MHC proteins are used to
discriminate between self and non self
B cells: plasma cells
cells that secrete antibodies (short lived, circulation in blood & bind to antigen that triggered their production)
humoral immunity is also called what
antibody immunity bc antibodies produced are found in the body’s fluid
antibodies
created by our own cells and are also known as immunoglobulins
5 classes of antibodies
1) IgG
2) IgM
3) IgA
4) IgD
5) IgE
IgG
most common, 75-80%, protects against bacterial and viral infections produced once an infection has been on going or resolved & can easily leave bloodstream and go into tissues
examples of IgG antibodies
pervious infection or vaccine
IgM
10%, activates compliment for cytotoxic functions for early, recent infections, 1st to be produced and signal
IgA
secretory functions, protects against infections found in saliva, tears, GI/GU & breastmilk
IgD
trace amounts in serum, more on B cells, stimulates B cells to multiply and differentiate **& secrete other immunoglobulins
IgE
role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions, signaling of mast cell degranulation
what are the two forms of adaptive immunity
passive and active immunity
passive immunity
-transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non immunized per
- mother to fetus (IgG cross placenta, IgA in BM so vaccinated mom can pass that)
-injection of antibodies not a vaccine, like actual plasma w/ the antibodies
active immunity
-protected state due to body’s own immune response
-active infections
-vaccines
vaccines: traditional
inactive or killed organism
vaccines: attenuated
weakened organisms that are still considered live
vaccines: toxoids
inactive toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin (ex: tetanus)
vaccines: conjugate
protein or toxoid from one organism attached to a disease causing organism to stimulate response (ex: H influ type B)
who cannot receive a attenuated vaccine
people w/ weak immune systems (spec diseases: lung, heart, kidney or metabolic)
mRNA
takes a piece of the genetic code of a virus and teaches your antibodies to respond
