324 - sleep

Question 1

main structure in sleep: basal forebrain

Answer 1

releases adenosine, which supports sleep drive

Question 2

what blocks adenosine

Answer 2

caffeine

Question 3

main structure in sleep: hypothalamus

Answer 3

receives information from the eyes regarding light exposure to help determine sleep schedule. Secretes hypocretins which promotes both wakefulness & rapid eye movement (REM sleep)

Question 4

main structure in sleep: pineal gland

Answer 4

secretes melatonin which helps the body regulate a sleep cycle that correlates w/ day and night cycles

Question 5

main structure in sleep: thalamus

Answer 5

relays sensory info to the cerebral cortex for conversion from short to long term memory, this occurs during rem sleep

Question 6

main structure in sleep: amygdala

Answer 6

processes emotion and is most active during REM sleep

Question 7

main structure in sleep: brain stem

Answer 7

communicates transitions between sleep and wake times with the hypothalamus. during sleep (along w/ the hypo) chemicals are produced that reduce arousal centers and send signals to relax muscles keeps body still and asleep

Question 8

physiological changes w/ adequate sleep

Answer 8

-heart rate decreases by 10-20
-respirations decrease
-body temp decreases
-blood pressure decreases
-muscle tone is diminished

Question 9

psychological changes w/ adequate sleep

Answer 9

-harmless discharge of emotion
-building of mental and emotional resilience
-dreaming
-creations of memories
-memory consolidation

Question 10

physiological changes w/o adequate sleep

Answer 10

increased risk of developing diabetes, CVD, obesity, depression, htn, heart attacks

Question 11

psychological changes w/o adequate sleep

Answer 11

-decreased ability to concentrate
-difficulty making decisions
-decreased PA
-increased irritability
-increased risk for developing mental illnesses

Question 12

what interval does NREM and REM sleep typically alternate in

Answer 12

90 minute intervals (3 NREM, 1 REM)

Question 13

NREM 1

Answer 13

-light level
-VS & metabolism slows down
-easy arousal by stimuli
-feeling of drowsiness
-lasts a few minutes
-“resting my eyes”

Question 14

NERM 2

Answer 14

-relaxation increases
-sleep becomes deeper
-snoring can occur
-relatively easy arousal
-physiological functions continue to slow
-small muscle jerks
-10-20 minutes

Question 15

NERM 3

Answer 15

• deepest stage of sleep (slow or delta wave)
• difficult arousal
  -muscles relaxed
  -vital signs decrease w/ regular rhythms
• restorative processes occur (growth hormone released)
  -time spent is based on how long singe last sleep
  -lasts 30-60 mins

Question 16

REM

Answer 16

-vivid, colorful dreaming
-starts approx 90 mins after sleep is initiated
-autonomous response causes rapid eye movements, fluctuating HR & respirations and increase BP
-muscle tone decreases
-gastric secretions increased
-very difficult arousal
-duration of REM sleep increases w/ each sleep cycle and averages 20 mins

Question 17

is NREM or REM sleep essential for survival

Answer 17

NREM

Question 18

when can sleep walking occur

Answer 18

NREM 3

Question 19

what functions of the human body are impacted by the circadian rhythm

Answer 19

sleep, digestion, body temp, endocrine function

Question 20

what type of snack can promote relaxation before bed

Answer 20

complex carbs

Question 21

secondary sleep disorder

Answer 21

a sleep disorder resulting from a primary disease process like heart failure, COPD, pain and gastric reflux

Question 22

which symptoms caused by low estrogen may interfere with a women’s sleep

Answer 22

night sweats and daytime fatigue

Question 23

benefits of sleep

Answer 23

-reduce stress
-reduces inflammation
-boosts immune system
-greater athletic performance
-better productivity & concentration
-prevents depression

Question 24

what suppresses REM sleep

Answer 24

-opioids / narcotics
-stimulants
-benzodiazepines
-antidepressants
-alcohol
-smoking

Question 25

Sleep Disorders: insomnia

Answer 25

-most common disorder (esp women and depressed)
-experience excessive daytime sleepiness & insufficient sleep quality / quantity
- transient insomnia is associated with stress

Question 26

Sleep Disorders: sleep apnea

Answer 26

-a disorder where breathing is repeatedly interrupted
-frequent pauses 10secs to 2 minutes
-many not diagnosed or treated
-types: obstructive, central, mixed

Question 27

complications of sleep apnea

Answer 27

-daytime fatigue
-HTN & <3
-DM
-metabolic syndrome
-comps w/ meds & surgies
-liver problems
-sleep deprived partners

Question 28

Narcolepsy

Answer 28

-chronic sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming daytime drowsiness & sudden attacks of sleep
-difficult to stay awake for long periods
-type 1 w/ cataplexy, type 2 w/o
- no cure

Question 29

risk factors of narcolepsy

Answer 29

age and family history

Question 30

narcolepsy complications

Answer 30

-public misunderstanding
-interference w/ intimate relationships
-physical harm
-obesity

Question 31

Sleep Disorders: sleep deprivation

Answer 31

-decrease in quality or quantity of sleep and/or inconsistency in sleep
-amount of sleep varies for individuals
-1 in 5 adults do not get 7-8 hr of sleep per night

Question 32

Sleep Disorders: parasomnias

Answer 32

-more common in children (more serious in adults)
-nocturnal enuresis, body rocking, bruxism
-confusional arousals
-sleep walking
-night terrors / nightmares

Question 33

common symptoms of shift work sleep disorders

Answer 33

insomnia, excessive sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, headaches, lack of energy

Question 34

consequences of shift work sleep disorder

Answer 34

increased likelihood of accidents & work related errors, irritability & mood problems, difficulty coping, & impaired social functioning

Question 35

Sleep Disorders: restless leg syndrome

Answer 35

-uncontrollable urge to move legs
-moving eases the unpleasant feeling temporarily
-can begin at any age but worsens with age

Question 36

symptoms of restless leg syndrome

Answer 36

-unpleasant sensations in legs & feet
-relief after movement
-worse in the evening
-nighttime leg twitching

Question 37

risk factors for restless leg

Answer 37

-peripheral neuropathy
-iron deficiency
-kidney failure
-spinal cord injuries

Question 38

lifestyle changes for restless leg

Answer 38

-baths/massages
-warm compress or cool
-good sleep habits
-exercise
-foot wrap

Question 39

sleep history to be obtained

Answer 39

-characteristics of sleep problems
-usual sleep patterns
-bedtime routines & environment
-physical and psychological illness
-current life events