public health wk 2 (E1) Flashcards
what are the 5 factors of the SDOH
-neighborhood & built environment
-health & health care
-social & community context
-education
-economic stability
physical activity guidelines
-at least 30 mins of moderate intensity aerobic activity at least 5 days per week for a total of 150 mins (2hr 30min)
OR
-at least 25 mins of vigorous aerobic activity at least 3 days per week for a total of 75 mins ; or combo of moderate&vigorous
-moderate to high intensity muscle strengthening activity at least 2 days per week
-adolescents need at least 60 mins of PA/d w/ muscle strenght training 3 days/wk
if a person has arthritis, what type of PA should they be engaging in
low impact aerobic activity for ~2hr 30 min weekly
population approach to obesity
-inc safe places for PA
-policies influencing work schedules & work commutes
-initiatives to reduce oversized food portions & calorie content education
-increase access to healthy foods
-policies addressing food advertising towards children
models and theories are
organized systems that help us think of how concepts are related, they help us think of how concepts influence one another and how they impact an outcome of interest
why do we use theories
-help to organize information
-provides direction to guide where we go with the information
-public health interventions
types of theory
~top of pyramid~
microscopic: focus is on changing the individual (or individual family) behavior or belief system
mesoscopic: smaller community like an institution/school/workplace
macroscopic: larger community/subpopulation or entire population (ex: political action & legislative advocacy)
~bottom fo pyramid~
what theory should be used to guide PH approaches for microscopic groups
-health belief model
-transtheoretical model
what theory should be used to guide PH approaches for macroscopic groups
-empowerment theories
-theory of change
what theory should be used to guide PH approaches for mirco & macros copic groups
-the ecological model (socio-ecological)
-diffusion of innovation
health behavior theories: individual focused
-Helps us to examine individuals’ health behaviors and what influences those behaviors
-Variables provide cues to explain health behaviors
-Guide strategies to support individuals to achieve optimal health behaviors.
-Based on value expectancy
-Address individual perceptions, modifying factors, and likelihood of action
-Do NOT address social, political, community structural, or environmental factors that impact health behaviors
expectancy is
the ability and belief that an individual can change
“i can”
value is
does the individual find it important, worth the effort and interesting
“i want”
review models
review models in ppt
empowerment theories
-Focus on achieving goals by leveraging community strengths and resources
- Process includes examining social structures and factors:
Gender disparities
Racism, ethnocentrism
Education
Health literacy
Class disparities
focuses on the positives and what they do have
looks at all levels from individuals to large communities
theory of change: impact
the systemic change that you expect to see in the long term
theory of change: outcomes
the intended and unintended changes that your stakeholders are experiencing or might experience with your intervention
theory of change: outputs
the immediate results of activities or products
theory of change: activities
where we answer the question “what activities need to take place for each output to happen”
theory of change: inputs
the resources or investments needed to ensure that the activities take place
ex: buying equipment, applying for grant funding, creating time in the school for an intervention
ecological or socio-ecological model
-Used to better understand human behavior
-Researchers use to assess when individual level interventions/behaviors aren’t changing
-Interventions that take place on multiple levels are more effective
used when trying to intervene on something and historically individual level interventions have no worked
health disparities
A particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage.” (Healthy People 2020)
they are preventable
differences d/t health disparities
-length of life
-quality of life
-rates of disease, disability and death
-severity of disease
-access to treatment
how do we address health disparities
-create fair & just opportunities to be healthier
-remove obstacles to health
-provide everyone w/ the opportunity to attain their highest level of health
implicit bias
attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner - Both favorable and unfavorable assessments & activates involuntarily without individual’s awareness or control
cause use to have feelings and attitudes about other people based on race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, age and appearance
system 1 thinking
-fast, automatic, impulsive, intuitive
-susceptible to environmental influences
-w/o conscious control gut reaction
ex: hear a loud sound at work and automatically shift to look in direction of sound
system 2 thinking
-slow, reflective, thoughtful
-considers goals and intentions
value expectancy
the general idea that there are expectations as well as values or beliefs that affect health behavior
health belief model
individual perceptions: perceived susceptibility to disease / perceived severity of disease
modifying factors: demographics + social class + cues to action + perceptions = perceived threat of disease
likelihood of action: perceived benefits of preventive action - perceived barriers to prevention action = likelihood of taking recommended preventive health actions
TTM stage + strategies: pre contemplation
stage: not engaging in regular exercise and no intention to start in the future
strategies: education, inc the importance of cognitive dissonance & gamification and extrinsic rewards
TTM stage + strategies: contemplation
stages: not exercising yet but committed to taking action within the next 6 months
strategies: education, increase importance of cog dissonance, gamification and extrinsic rewards and inc users awareness of their current behavioral patterns
TTM stage + strategies: preparation
stage: seriously considering to start exercising - has taken some steps toward the objective
strategies: education, increase importance of cog dissonance, gamification and extrinsic rewards, persistent visual feedback
TTM stage + strategies: action
stage: exercising consistently for less than 6 months
strategies: persistent visual feedback, elements of social influence, gamification
TTM stage: maintenance
stage: exercising >6 months
theory of change
helps us explain how a given intervention or a set of interventions are expected to lead to a specific change
socio ecological model examples
individual: knowledge, attitudes, skills and behaviors
interpersonal: friends, family and social networks
institutional: organizations, schools and workplaces
community: cities, neighborhoods, resources and norms
policy: federal, state and local legislation
socio ecological model example for violence
individual: age, income, education, substance use & hx of abuse
relationship: peers, partners, family (education to make these relationships more positive)
community: schools, neighborhoods, workplaces (work to make these places safer)
societal: cultural norms, policies and laws, social inequalities
diffusion of innovation theory
-an idea or product gains momentum and diffuses through a specific population or social system over time
-adoption means that s person/population does something differently than what they had previously
-the person/population must perceive the idea, behavior or product as new or innovative
limitations to diffusion theory
-did not originate in public health
-does not foster a participatory approach
-works better w/ the adoption of a behavior vs the stopping or prevention of a behavior
-does not consider people’s access to social resources to adopt new behavior
how does public health use diffusion theory
used to accelerate the adoption of important public health programs that are typically aiming to change the behavior of the social system
implicit bias facts
-are pervasive
-related to explicit biases but are not the same
-do not necessarily align with our declared beliefs
-we tend to hold implicit biases that favor our own ingroup
-they are malleable
