406 E2 neuro pathogenesis

Question 1

change in neurotransmitter levels in CNS (increase of neuronal depolarization resulting in hyper activity)
-blood vessel tone (vasodilation)

Answer 1

migraines

Question 2

destruction of substantia nigra in basal ganglia -> dopamine levels decrease -> imbalance between dopamine & ACh -> relative excess of ACh -> loss of controlled movement and balance

Answer 2

parkinson’s disease

Question 3

antibodies attack ACh receptors -> decrease in ACh receptor sites at the neuromuscular junction -> this prevents ACh molecules from attaching and stimulating muscle contraction
(body is producing enough AHc but not enough receptor sites)

Answer 3

myasthenia gravis

Question 4

T lymphocytes migrate to the CNS and cross the blood brain barrier -> antigen antibody reaction in CNS initiates an inflammatory response -> axons are de myelinated & plaques / sclerosis forms -> axons are destroyed

Answer 4

multiple sclerosis

Question 5

motor neurons in the brainstem, cerebral cortex & spinal cord gradually degenerate -> death of neurons results in axonal degeneration, demyelination & sclerosis (scarring) -> damage causes motor neuros to no longer send messages to the muscles so the muscles cannot function

Answer 5

ALS

Question 6

autoimmune disorder where the myeline sheath is damaged by autoantibodies usually triggered by a viral infection (GI or resp) + few cases caused by bacterial infection (campylobacter jejuni, food borne illness), post surgery and very rarely w/ flu vaccines

Answer 6

GBS

Question 7

meningocooci or pneumococci is inhaled & attaches to the epithelial cells which cross the BBB to enter the blood stream -> infection of arachnoid mater and CSF -> inflammatory response (inc neutrophils) and pus secretion -> increase in CSF production -> increase in ICP

Answer 7

meningitis

Question 8

acute inflammation of the brain d/t viral infection (mosquitoes cause west nile, measles, chicken px, mumps, HSV1)

Answer 8

encephalitis

Question 9

accumulation of pus within the brain tissues caused by local or systemic infection (most common: ear, tooth, mastoid or sinus infection)

Answer 9

brain abscess

Question 10

acute, focal cerebral insufficiency lasting <24 hrs (usually <60min) w/ no residual effects

Answer 10

TIA

Question 11

occlusion -> oxygen deprivation -> neuro deficits within 1 min -> continued loss of supply leads to irreversible damage

Answer 11

ischemic stroke

Question 12

bleeding within the brain parenchyma associated w/ standing, severe htn

Answer 12

hemorrhagic stroke