patho exam 2 Flashcards
adipose tissue
fat
adipocytes
fat storing cells, stores kcals as TAGs
leptin
appetite & energy (increased fat = increased leptin and people become resistant which leads to overeating)
angiopoitentin - related protein
insulin resistance & inflammation
angiotensinogen
BP, inflammation, & insulin resistance in lipogenesis
retinol binding protein
insulin resistance in muscles
IL-6, TNF alpha
biomakers for inflammation
adiponectin
(the good adipokine) enhances cell sensitivity to insulin, anti inflammatory & protects against arteriosclerosis increase fat = decreased adiponectin
what age population is at highest risk for obesity
40-60 yr olds
metabolic syndrome
WC: >40, >35
TAGs: >150 or meds
HDL: <40 (M), <50 (W) or meds
BP: >130 or >85 or meds
FBG: >110 or meds
BMI: >30
primary seizures
epilepsy or idiopathic (50% of all cases)
secondary seizures
chemical imbalances (BS or drugs) or febrile -> also brain issues
what increases seizure threshold
sleeping and meds
what decreases seizure threshold
drinking, mencies, missed meds (tramadol) , stress and illness
motor seizures
tonic clonic
epileptic spasms
non motor seizures
behavior arrest
absense seizures
brief loss of awareness w/ spasmodic eye movement for 30 secs
tonic clonic seizures
(tonic) prolong skeletal muscle contraction & crying
(clonic) alternating skeletal muscle contraction & relaxation & arms/leg jerks
phases of a seizure
prodromal: signs before
aural: sensory warning
ictal: actual seizure
post ictal: recovery
status epileptious
multiple seizures w/ no recovery period (30 minutes+), the first time long term damage can occur
3 parts of pain
-afferent: movement of the sensation from the PNS to brain)
-interpretive: interpretation of sensation
-efferent: takes message back to PNS and causes pain response
nociception
the process of feeling pain or sensation
nociceptors
pain receptors what pain meds target
what areas of the body do not have pain receptors
brain, alveoli, & deep tissue
a delta
myelinated; pain is sharp, cutting, pinched & localized
c fibers
nonmyelinated; pain is dull, burning, achy & poorly localized
what decreases pain tolerance
repeat exposure & fatigue, anger, boredom
what increases pain tolerance
alcohol, chronic opioid use, hypnosis, distraction & religious beliefs
what increase pain threshold
stress, exercise and sex
acute pain stimulates what that chronic does not
ANS so there is a change in vital signs
nociceptive pain
-PNS & outside CNS
-activated in response to actual or impending tissue injury
-2 types: cutaneous/somatic & visceral
neuropathic pain
-inside CNS, the nerves
-shooting, burning, shock, sharp, numb, & motor weakness
ex) DM neuropathy, phantom limb, trigeminal neuralgia
cutaneous / somatic pain
-MS system
-constant and achy
-well localized
ex) fractures, osteo arth, Peri vas disease, incision pain
visceral pain
-organs
-cramping, splitting, N/V, diaphoresis
-poorly localized
-always c fibers
ex) kidney stones, appendicitis, IBS, <3 attack, constipation
referred pain
stems for visceral
-acute or chronic
-felt at a distance from the patho
ex) MI gives jaw pain, pancreatitis causes shoulder pain
what can A alpha and A beta do
dampen ability for a delta and c fibers to transmit pain (can do this by rubbing, touch, massage, distraction, acupuncture & activity)
hyperactive delirium
-disturbance in attention or awareness
-2-3 days to develop
-seen in ICU, post up, hospitalized elderdly, w/draw
-r/t benzo/narc, infection, surgery, hypoxia & lyte imbalance
manifestations of hyperactive delirium
restless, irritable, insomnia, difficult to calm down
hypoactive delirium
-associated w/ right side frontal basal ganglion disruption
-more common w/ metabolic disorders like liver and kidney failure
manifestations of hypoactive
decreased alertness & attitude, decreased ability to perception & environment, forgetful, apathetic, slow speech, frequently falls asleep
excited delirium
stems form hyper
-aggressive and increase breathing rate
-can cause death
-more common in people who had mental problems
fully developed delirium
hallucinations, person completely inattentive, grossly altered perception
who is at risk for alzheimers
isolated people, 65+, family hx & genes, down syndrome, lifestyle, head trauma
patho of alzheimers
plaque build up in the neurons and neurofibrillary tangles of tau proteins centralized in the cerebral cortex & hippocampus aka the memory centers
vascular dementia
-r/t cardio dx & clots
-risks: DM, HDL, HTN, smoking
frontotemporal dementia
-if less then 60y/o then genetic
-r/t gene mutation during encoding the tau proteins
behavioral syndrome (fronto dem)
changes in personality and judgment
progressive non fluent behavior (fronto dem)
problems w/ language and writing
semantic (fronto dem)
problems forming words and sentences
