intro to pathophys (325E1) Flashcards
pharmacology
the study of the biological effect of drugs that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change
pharmacokinetics
what happens to drugs in the body (has 4 components)
pharmacodynamics
what the drugs do in the body and their mechanism of action (how do they get in -> what they do during -> how they get out)
chemical name
a long and complex name usually used in the beginning of research (ex: N-acetyl-para-aminopheol)
Generic name
what we will be tested on official name of drug, only 1 generic name, all lower cased (ex: acetaminophen)
trade name
brand name given by pharmaceutical companies, it is easier to remember & pronounce and it is Upper cased (ex: Tylenol)
Prototype
the first drug of a new medication and it represents the class new drugs within the same class will be tested against it (ex: cvs brand Tylenol was compared to the OG tylenol)
therapeutic effects
the intended effect of the drug that we want to happen (ex: take Tylenol to reduce fever & fever reduces)
side effects
unintended effects that are unavoidable (ex: Tylenol will cause a stomach ache)
adverse effects
unexpected and dangerous reactions (used interchangeably with w/ side effects in this class)
allergic reaction
unexpected and dangerous reaction caused by an immune system response
toxicities
harmful effects based on the level of the drug in the system
what do we need to know with each medication
name (generic), classification (beta blocker or ace inhibitor), mechanism of action, indications (Tylenol for pain), common/serious side effects, contraindications (ppl w/ liver failure can’t have Tylenol), nursing indications (what should the nurse be worried about)
what organization approves medications
food and drug administration
preclinical trails
tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects
phase I studies
human volunteers are used to test the drug (the people are healthy)
phase II studies
drug is tried on patients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat (give new bp med to person w/ abnormal BP)
phase IV studies
continued evaluation by the FDA (no longer need signed consent but can still add precautions)
Controlled substances: schedule 1
not approved for medical use, there is no reason to ever prescribe it bc they have no therapeutic effects (ex: heroin, LSD)
Controlled substances: schedule 2
used medically but high potential for abuse, no automatic refills (ex: opioids/narcotics, amphetamines aka oxy, hydromorphone, oxy cotton)
Controlled substances: schedule 3
used medically and less potential for abuse but still a risk (ex: non barbiturate sedatives, non amphetamines, stimulants, lortab, vicodin)
Controlled substances: schedule 4
some potential for abuse but not very likely, tend to be sedatives and anti anxiety meds (xanax, valium, ambien)
Controlled substances: schedule 5
low potential for abuse, meds that contain small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives (cough suppressants w/ codeine, ephendrine containing meds)
what schedule are narcotics
schedule 2 -> no auto refills watch closely
how many classes of over the counter meds and what do they include
80 ; antihistamines, sleep aids, analgesics, antacids, laxatives
what is the qualification for a drug to be classified as over the courter and then sold
“consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness easily” , meds are low risk for side effects & abuse (no medical background needed to understand med function
why are some OTC meds only sold by the pharmacy
due to abuse possibility (ex: can use sudafed to make meth)
what claims can be used for dietary and herbal supplements
affect on body structure or function (cannot say they treat anything, they do not have to give a MOA and they don’t have to say how it works)
what claims cannot be used for dietary and herbal supplements
used for a medical condition (ex: st.john’s wort affects emotions balance is allowed but it cannot say treats depression)
are dietary and herbal supplements monitored for the FDA
no
what are the possibly adverse interactions between drugs and herbal products
increase the toxicity of prescription meds or decrease prescription meds therapeutic effect