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ABSN > intro to pathophys (325E1) > Flashcards

intro to pathophys (325E1) Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacology

A

the study of the biological effect of drugs that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

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2
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what happens to drugs in the body (has 4 components)

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3
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what the drugs do in the body and their mechanism of action (how do they get in -> what they do during -> how they get out)

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4
Q

chemical name

A

a long and complex name usually used in the beginning of research (ex: N-acetyl-para-aminopheol)

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5
Q

Generic name

A

what we will be tested on official name of drug, only 1 generic name, all lower cased (ex: acetaminophen)

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6
Q

trade name

A

brand name given by pharmaceutical companies, it is easier to remember & pronounce and it is Upper cased (ex: Tylenol)

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7
Q

Prototype

A

the first drug of a new medication and it represents the class new drugs within the same class will be tested against it (ex: cvs brand Tylenol was compared to the OG tylenol)

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8
Q

therapeutic effects

A

the intended effect of the drug that we want to happen (ex: take Tylenol to reduce fever & fever reduces)

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9
Q

side effects

A

unintended effects that are unavoidable (ex: Tylenol will cause a stomach ache)

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10
Q

adverse effects

A

unexpected and dangerous reactions (used interchangeably with w/ side effects in this class)

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11
Q

allergic reaction

A

unexpected and dangerous reaction caused by an immune system response

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12
Q

toxicities

A

harmful effects based on the level of the drug in the system

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13
Q

what do we need to know with each medication

A

name (generic), classification (beta blocker or ace inhibitor), mechanism of action, indications (Tylenol for pain), common/serious side effects, contraindications (ppl w/ liver failure can’t have Tylenol), nursing indications (what should the nurse be worried about)

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14
Q

what organization approves medications

A

food and drug administration

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15
Q

preclinical trails

A

tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects

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16
Q

phase I studies

A

human volunteers are used to test the drug (the people are healthy)

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17
Q

phase II studies

A

drug is tried on patients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat (give new bp med to person w/ abnormal BP)

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18
Q

phase IV studies

A

continued evaluation by the FDA (no longer need signed consent but can still add precautions)

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19
Q

Controlled substances: schedule 1

A

not approved for medical use, there is no reason to ever prescribe it bc they have no therapeutic effects (ex: heroin, LSD)

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20
Q

Controlled substances: schedule 2

A

used medically but high potential for abuse, no automatic refills (ex: opioids/narcotics, amphetamines aka oxy, hydromorphone, oxy cotton)

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21
Q

Controlled substances: schedule 3

A

used medically and less potential for abuse but still a risk (ex: non barbiturate sedatives, non amphetamines, stimulants, lortab, vicodin)

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22
Q

Controlled substances: schedule 4

A

some potential for abuse but not very likely, tend to be sedatives and anti anxiety meds (xanax, valium, ambien)

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23
Q

Controlled substances: schedule 5

A

low potential for abuse, meds that contain small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives (cough suppressants w/ codeine, ephendrine containing meds)

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24
Q

what schedule are narcotics

A

schedule 2 -> no auto refills watch closely

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25
Q

how many classes of over the counter meds and what do they include

A

80 ; antihistamines, sleep aids, analgesics, antacids, laxatives

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26
Q

what is the qualification for a drug to be classified as over the courter and then sold

A

“consumers must be able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness easily” , meds are low risk for side effects & abuse (no medical background needed to understand med function

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27
Q

why are some OTC meds only sold by the pharmacy

A

due to abuse possibility (ex: can use sudafed to make meth)

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28
Q

what claims can be used for dietary and herbal supplements

A

affect on body structure or function (cannot say they treat anything, they do not have to give a MOA and they don’t have to say how it works)

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29
Q

what claims cannot be used for dietary and herbal supplements

A

used for a medical condition (ex: st.john’s wort affects emotions balance is allowed but it cannot say treats depression)

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30
Q

are dietary and herbal supplements monitored for the FDA

A

no

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31
Q

what are the possibly adverse interactions between drugs and herbal products

A

increase the toxicity of prescription meds or decrease prescription meds therapeutic effect

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32
Q

nursing teaching points for dietary and herbal supplements

A

when getting a medication history always ask specifically about other medications, supplements, OTC meds, herbals, vitamins, etc

33
Q

teratogens

A

substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetuses

34
Q

examples of teratogens

A

alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, certain drugs

35
Q

teratogens: category A

A

safe for fetus (ex: acetaminophen)

36
Q

teratogens: category B

A

usually safe but need to double check bc they lack studies to show benefit/risk

37
Q

teratogens: category C

A

no studies on humans but animal studies show possible risk so need to consult OB

38
Q

teratogens: category D

A

drugs that have possible risk to the fetus (if prescribed there needs to be a huge benefit to mother, OB weighs costs and benefits)

39
Q

teratogens: category X

A

drugs that have known risk that cannot be outweighed by possible benefit, pt usually have to be on bc to take (ex: thalidomine, chemo, istretinoin/retin A aka accutane)

40
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs; combines pharmacology & genomics to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic make up

41
Q

future outcomes of pharmacogenomics

A

better drugs w/ less adverse effects, pain control w/o abuse potential, cancer meds that work quicker w/ less side effects

42
Q

pathophysiology

A

the study of disease and injury and how it affects the body

43
Q

pathology

A

laboratory study of cells and tissues (what is the abnormal processes occurring that is causing disruption in our body)

44
Q

patho is the prefix for what

A

abnormal

45
Q

hemo is the prefix for what

A

blood

46
Q

stasis is the suffix of what

A

balance or stability

47
Q

disruption of homeostasis

A

caused by disease or injury; can be physical (heart disease), mental (depression), social (autism)

48
Q

how is homeostasis shown in the body?

A

normal pH, temp and VS (the body and organs are functioning best)

49
Q

causes of disease: intrinsic

A

comes from inside the body so over or under production of hormone or auto immune disease (ex: insulin in diabetes, MS, Crohns )

50
Q

causes of disease: extrinsic

A

comes from outside the body so bacteria (staph A which causes strep) or viruses

51
Q

what three things are need for a disease to occur (think the venn diagram)

A

susceptible host, conductive environment, and a pathogen

52
Q

factors of intrinsic diseases

A

genes, immunity, age, gender

53
Q

factors of extrinsic diseases

A

bacteria, viruses, injury, behaviors, stressors, fungi

54
Q

what type of data are signs

A

objective

55
Q

what type of data are symptoms

A

subjective

56
Q

what is the process of disease (POD)

A

identification
occurence
diagnosis
etiology
prognosis

57
Q

POD: identification

A

signs & and symptoms

58
Q

POD: occurrence

A

how often and when (is it expected? ex: pt comes in w/ fever, chills and n/v in November then it is most likely the flu but these symptoms in June are not expected)

59
Q

POD: diagnosis

A

identification (labeling the disease as what it is)

60
Q

POD: etiology

A

cause of disease (what lead to the disease)

61
Q

POD: prognosis

A

likelihood of recovery (back to baseline health, acute or chronic)

62
Q

what are the stages of disease (SOD)

A

exposure
onset
remission
convalescence

63
Q

SOD: exposure

A

where did it come from

64
Q

SOD: onset

A

sudden? insidious (slow & gradual, more common w/ chronic disease )? latent (not active but lies and waits)? prodromal (the symptoms before the disease so chills before you get sick w/ the flu)? manifestations (S/s)?

65
Q

SOD: remission

A

disease is no longer active

66
Q

SOD: convalescence

A

recovering from disease, getting back to baseline Important to talk to the pt about how they are feeling

67
Q

types of disease (TOD)

A

causes
Idiopathic
Iatrogenic
Exacerbation

68
Q

TOD: idiopathic

A

it is unknown what caused it (we might have ideas or theories)

69
Q

TOD: iatrogenic

A

a medical cause from some treatment (ex: pressure ulcers, c. diff, med errors)

70
Q

TOD: exacerbation

A

“worsening of disease” acute decline in a person’s chronic disease (ex: asthma getting worsew/ an attack)

71
Q

hypo

A

low, under, below

72
Q

hyper

A

high, above, over

73
Q

__penia

A

lack of, deficiency

74
Q

__cytosis

A

refers to cell, increase

75
Q

__osis

A

process or condition, production or increase, invasion or infection

76
Q

__itis

A

inflammation

77
Q

__pathy

A

disease or suffering

78
Q

how do we diagnosis diseases

A

common symptoms; know what symptoms are common with certain disease but then also dive into the details of the symptom (ex: if you have a cough describe it fully)

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