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ABSN > last pathopharm test ever!!!!! > Flashcards

last pathopharm test ever!!!!! Flashcards

1
Q

DKA sx

A

-ketones
-fruity breath
-polyuria / polydipsia
-N/v
-dec skin turgor
-dry mucus membranes
-tachycardia
-hypotension
-metabolic acidosis
-decreased K+
-weight loss

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2
Q

BG for DKA

A

350-500

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3
Q

HHS sx

A

-decreased K+
-polyuira & polydipsia
-weight loss
-lethargy / obtunded
-coma
-volume depletion
-electrolyte imbalance
-hyperosmolarity

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4
Q

thyroid storm

A

-fever
-tachycardia
-afib/aflutter
-n/v
-agitation
-tremor
-psychosis
-stupor/coma
-hypotension

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5
Q

myxedema (10)

A

-hypothyroidism
-hard non pitting swelling
-coma
-hypothermia
-hypotension
-hypoglycemia
-hypoventilation
-slowing of functions of other organs
-bradycardia
-hypoNa

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6
Q

addisonian crisis

A

-hypotension
-salt craving
-hypocortisolism
-hypoglycemia
-weakness
-hyperpigmentation
-N/V/D
-hyperK+

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7
Q

DKA & HHS treatment

A

-fluid replacement
-electrolyte corrections
-IV insulin
-sodium bicard (if pH <7.2)
-dextrose (<200 and anion is still open)

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8
Q

thyroid storm drugs

A

-beta blocker (sx control)
-thionamide (propylthiouracil/PTU): suppresses conversion of T4 & T3
-iodine solution: to block the release of thyroid hormone
-glucocorticoids: reduce T4 to T3, promote vasomotor stability & treat adrenal insufficiency
-bile acid sequestrates: recycling of thyroid hormones

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9
Q

myxedema drugs

A

-levothyroxine & liothyronine
-glucocorticoids
-IV fluid
-lytes
-glucose

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10
Q

addisonian crisis drugs

A

-IV hydrocortisone
-NS
-dextrose

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11
Q

primary HTN

A

direct dysfunction of the thyroid gland itself
-low levels of T3 & T4
-high levels TSH
-causes: thyroiditis, cogenital hypothyroidism, surgical removal of thyroid or radiation to thyroid

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12
Q

secondary hypothyroidism

A

dysfunction of the pituitary gland
-low T3, T4, & TSH
-causes: pituitary tumors, radiation, therapy or pituitary surgery

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13
Q

tertiary hypothyroidism

A

dysfunction of the hypothalamus

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14
Q

complications of uncontrolled DM

A

-infection
-wound healing
-DKA/HHS
-micro & macro vascular

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15
Q

microvascular comps of uncontrolled DM

A

-damage to capillaires
-retinopathies
-nephropathies
-neuropathies

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16
Q

macrovascular comps of uncontrolled DM

A

-damage to large vessels
-coronary artery
-peripheral vascular
-cerebral vascular

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17
Q

patho of T1DM

A

activation of cellular immunity (macrophages & T cells) & humoral immunity towards beta cells-> beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed

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18
Q

alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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19
Q

beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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20
Q

patho of T2DM

A

insulin resistance d/t receptor fatigue and decrease insulin secretion

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21
Q

main cause of left sided heart failure

A

HTN

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22
Q

main cause of right sided heart failure

A

COPD

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23
Q

assessment finding w/ left sided heart

A

-pulmonary congestion
-LV increases in size
-back flow into pulmonary veins
-cough, crackles, wheezes
-frothy sputum, may be blood tinged
-paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
-orthopnea

24
Q

assessment finding w/ right sided heart

A

-COPD w/ cor pulmonale
-RV increases in size
-back flow into vena cava, decrease to the lung
-congestion in JV, liver & lower extremities
-dependent edema
-weight gain
-hepatosplenomegaly
-fatigue
-ascites
-GI distress/fullness

25
Q

medications for HF

A

-BB (carvedilol)
-CCB (idipine)
-Digitallis
-nitrates
-dapaglifozin
-HTN drugs
-spironolactone
-ranolazine

26
Q

ACE, ARBs, ARNI holds

A

hyper K & hypotension

27
Q

beta block holds

A

less than 100, less than 60

28
Q

dapaglifozin holds

A

low BG

29
Q

digitalis holds

A

-hold if pulse <60
-low K+

30
Q

S/s of OA

A

->40
-osteophytes
-deep, aching pain w/ exertion & relieved by rest
-worsens w/ cold
-crepitus
-joint swelling
-altered gait
-bowed leg
-limited ROM
-B&H nodes
-wear & tear on unilateral joints
-localized
-no biomarker

31
Q

S/s of RA

A

-young to middle age
-positive RF & ANCP
-systemic affects to start
-joint swell soft, warm & tender
-stiffness
-deformities & joint subluxation
-sjorgren’s syndrome
-rheumatoid nodules
-autoimmune

32
Q

Cimetidine & Famotidine (H2 receptor antagonists) MOA

A

-blocks H2 receptors in the stomach
-reduces gastric acid secretion by 60-70%
-increases stomach pH

33
Q

omeprazole, pantoprazole, esomeprazole (PPIs) MOA

A

binds to proton pump and inhibits the hydrogen potassium ATPase (proton pump)
+ irreversibly inhibits the section of HCl

34
Q

antacids (aluminum, calcium, magnesium, Al+MG)

A

neutralizes acid by approximately 50%

35
Q

complications of acute viral gastroenteritis

A

fluid volume deficit / electrolyte imbalance caused by watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, N/v, fever & malaise

36
Q

HIV patho

A

retrovirus that destroys CD4 Tcells
targets CD4 cells on T lymphs, monocytes & macrophages -> enters cells -> reverses transcriptase -> HIV integrase -> HIV protease
CD4 drops, Viral load will increase

37
Q

expected findings for IDA

A

-microcytic, hypochromic
-pallor
-glossitis, cheilitis
-brittle hair & nails
-koilonchia
-pica & pagophagia

38
Q

sucralfate (mucosal protectant)

A

alters when exposed to gastric acid and turned into a sticky, thick gel to make a protective barrier

39
Q

carcinogens: known

A

smoking, asbestos, estrogen, alcohol, HPV or HIV

40
Q

proto oncogenes

A

genes that stimulate and regulate a cell’s movement through the cell cycle, resulting in cellular growth and proliferation -> when mutated, proto oncogenes becomes oncogenes that stimulate constant, unrelenting cellular proliferation and cell cycling

41
Q

main causes of CKD

A

DM
HTN

42
Q

Beta Blocker SE

A

hypotension, mask hypogly, fatigue & lethargy

43
Q

ACE SE

A

cough, first dose hypotension, angioedema, renal insufficiency

44
Q

ARBs SE

A

angioedema, renal insufficiency

45
Q

CCB SE

A

orthostatic hypotension and peripheral edema

46
Q

IV heparin things to know

A

-labs: PTT & anti Xa
-discoloring of fingers and toes
-black patches on hands & feet
-black tarry stools
-common signs of bleeding
-anemia
-antidote: protamine sulfate

47
Q

rapid acting insulin

A

lispro & aspart
-onset: 15 mins
-peak: 1 hr
-duration: 2-4 hr

48
Q

short acting insulin

A

regular
-onset: 30-60 mins
-peak: 2-6 hr
-duration: 3-8 hrs

49
Q

intermediate insulin

A

NPH
-onset: 2-4 hrs
-peak: 4-10
-duration: 10-20

50
Q

long acting insulin

A

glargine
-onset: 70 mins
-peak: none
-duration: 24 hrs

51
Q

SE of chemo

A

do not give chemo at nadir
-decreased WBC, RBC, platelets (pancytopenia)
-GI effects
-alopecia
-stomatitis
-toxic to fetus
-hyperuremia
-organ damage
-extravasation

52
Q

inhaled steroids

A

beclomethasone dipropionate
budesonide
fluticasone

53
Q

systemic steroids

A

prednisone
hydrocortisone
dexamethasone

54
Q

which type of steroid has more side effects

A

systemic because inhaled are limited to the lungs
-hypotension
-weight gain
-glaucoma
-hypergly
-GI upset
-osteoporosis
-adrenal problem (cushings)

55
Q

Asthma CM

A

bronchoconstriction / vasoconstriction
wheezing
dyspnea / SOA
inflammation
cough
chest tightness
accessory muscle use
diaphoresis
respiratory failure

56
Q

chronic bronchitis CM

A

-persistent productive cough
-SOA
-congestion
-pulmonary htn (late)

57
Q

emphysema CM

A

-gradual inc in breathlessness (esp w/ exertion)
-SOA at rest
-wheeze
-malnourished
-barrel cheset
-pursed lip breathing
-decreased breath sounds

ABSN (161 decks)

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