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Anatomy and Phyisology > urinary system exam cards > Flashcards

urinary system exam cards Flashcards

1
Q

renal capsule

A

inner layer of kidneys; composed of smooth irregular CT; holds shape of kidneys and protects them

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2
Q

adipose capsule

A

middle layer of kidneys; made of adipose tissue and holds kidneys in place and protects them

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3
Q

renal fascia

A

outer layer of kidneys; made of dense irregular CT; anchors the kidney against the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity

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4
Q

3 layers of ureters

A

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

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5
Q

mucosa layer of ureters

A

transitional epithelium with underlying lamina propria

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6
Q

what is lamina propria made of?

A

areolar tissue

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7
Q

muscularis layer of ureters

A

3 layers of smooth muscle; inner longitudinal layer, middle circular layer, and outer longitudinal layer

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8
Q

adventitia layer of ureters

A

always adventitia; fibrous CT

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9
Q

mucosa layer of bladder

A

transitional epithelium that also contains rugae and goblet cells

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10
Q

muscularis layer of bladder

A

similar to ureter layer but contains thick detrusor smooth muscle

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11
Q

adventitia/serosa layer in bladder

A

adventitia except on superior surface where it is covered by peritoneum; fibrous CT

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12
Q

urethra epithelium

A

transitional near bladder and stratified squamous near orifice

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13
Q

3 parts of male urethra

A

prostatic, intermediate, and spongy; male urethra carries urine and semen

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14
Q

artery flow in kidneys

A

renal artery > segmental artery > interlobar artery > arcuate artery > cortical radiate artery > afferent arteriole > glomerulus > efferent arteriole

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15
Q

venous flow in kidneys

A

cortical radiate vein > arcuate vein > interlobar vein > renal vein

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16
Q

2 parts of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerular capsule and glomerulus

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17
Q

2 main parts of the nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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18
Q

parietal layer of renal corpuscle

A

simple squamous epithelium

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19
Q

visceral layer of renal corpusle

A

podocytes with foot processes that form filtration slits; lies on top of a basement membrane which lies on fenestrated capillary bed

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20
Q

anatomy of PCT

A

cuboidal epithelium with large mitochondria and lots of microvilli on apical side and infolded plasma membrane on basolateral side

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21
Q

descending limb anatomy

A

simple squamous epithelium

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22
Q

ascending limb anatomy

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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23
Q

collecting duct anatomy

A

heterozygous simple cuboidal epithelium; contains microvilli and mitochondria but less than in PCT

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24
Q

2 types of cells in CT

A

principal cells and intercalated cells

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25
Q

intercalated cells function

A

maintain acid-base balance

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26
Q

principal cell function

A

maintain Na+ and H20 levels

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27
Q

typical capillary flow

A

unidirectional and arteriole end has greater HSP while venous end has greater BCOP

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28
Q

DCT anatomy

A

cuboidal cells with mitochondria and microvilli, but less than PCT cells

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29
Q

3 types of cells in JGA

A

mesangial cells, macula densa cells, and juxtaglomerular cells

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30
Q

where are juxtaglomerular cells found

A

lining the afferent arteriole

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31
Q

where are macula densa cells found?

A

lining the ascending limb

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32
Q

where are mesangial cells found?

A

sandwiches between the loop of henle and the afferent arteriole

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33
Q

macula densa cells anatomy

A

tall, densely packed cells

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34
Q

macula densa cells function

A

regulate ionic concentration through chemoreceptors that respond to NaCl filtrate concentration

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35
Q

mesangial cells

A

control HSP of glomerulus

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36
Q

function of juxtaglomerular cells

A

release renin

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37
Q

is renin an enzyme of a hormone?

A

enzyme but activates hormones

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38
Q

3 effects of ANG II

A

constricts afferent arteriole; enhances reabsorption of Na and Cl in the PCT; stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

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39
Q

where does aldosterone act?

A

principal cells

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40
Q

how are glomerular capillaries different?

A

they are longer, have greater surface area; mesangial cells can alter the surface area; filtration membrane in very porous and thin; and glomerular BP is very high

41
Q

NFP

A

outward pressures - inward pressures; HSPgc - BCOP - HSPcs

42
Q

what is osmotic pressure due to?

A

blood colloids

43
Q

what are carrier proteins used for?

A

large, polar molecules; ex. glucose, amino acids, vitamins

44
Q

transcellular

A

movement through the cell; usually requires transport proteins

45
Q

paracellular

A

movement between cells

46
Q

where does glucose reabsorption occur?

A

PCT

47
Q

glucose reabsorption

A

symported with Na+ at apical surface, in which this energy created by passive movement of Na+ powers glucose movement; it then moves across the basolateral surface via carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

48
Q

H+ movement in PCT

A

antiporter with Na+ at apical surface; Na+ moves in passively and H+ moves out actively

49
Q

what solutes move passively in the PCT?

A

Cl-, K+, Ca++, Mg++, urea, and water (transcellular or paracellular depending on lipid-solubility and/or transport proteins)

50
Q

descending limb

A

thin and allows movement of water but not soltues

51
Q

ascending limb

A

thick and is impermeable to water but moves solutes out via Na+/2Cl/K+ symporter

52
Q

what are main substances reabsorbed in the early DCT?

A

Na+ and Cl- (sometimes Ca+ depending on PTH)

53
Q

late DCT and CT reabsorption

A

Na+ is reabsorbed and K+ is secreted; main channels are ATPase and passive K+ and Na+ channels; this area is not permeable to water unless ADH is secreted

54
Q

bladder at rest

A

motor neurons are firing, detrusor muscle is relaxed, and sphincters are contracted

55
Q

bladder when full

A

motor neurons stop firing, stretch receptors fire, and parasympathetic neurons fire

56
Q

where is ADH released from?

A

posterior pituitary gland

57
Q

where does ADH act?

A

principal cells

58
Q

where does ADH bind to?

A

V2 receptors causing a G-protein coupled pathway to occur

59
Q

renin-ANG II-aldosterone pathway

A

renin is released by JG cells when BP is low, and angiotensinogen is released from the liver; renin converts angiotensinogen to ANG I; ANG I converted to ANG II by ACE

60
Q

5 effects of ANG II

A

increased sympathetic activity; increased tubular reabsorption of Na+, Cl- and secretion of K+ in the principal cells; aldosterone secretion; ADH secretion; and arteriolar vasoconstriction

61
Q

what does aldosterone increase activity of?

A

mainly the ATPase in the basolateral surface of principal cells, but also Na+ and K+ channels on the apical surface here as well

62
Q

where is ANP released from?

A

the atria of the heart when BP is high, causing stretching of the atria

63
Q

what does ANP do?

A

inhibits renin formation and Na leak channels in principal cells

64
Q

osmotic diuretics

A

inhibit H20 reabsorption by blocking Na+/glucose symporter in PCT via mannitol

65
Q

thiazide drugs

A

target the Na/Cl symporter in the DCT

66
Q

loop diuretics

A

targets the triple symporter in the ascending limb (Na/2Cl/K)

67
Q

potassium sparing drugs

A

inhibit the effects of aldosterone in principal cells; inhibit K+ channel on the apical surface

68
Q

what ions have higher concentrations inside the cell

A

K+, Mg+, HPO4-, SO4-

69
Q

what ions have higher concentrations outside the cell?

A

Na+, Ca++, Cl-, HCO3-

70
Q

PTH

A

released by parathyroid glands to increase calcium in the bloodstream by signalling osteoclasts to degrade done matrix; also stimulates calcitriol

71
Q

calcitriol

A

stimulated by PTH and causes more Ca+ reabsorption to occur from foods in the GI tract

72
Q

calcitonin

A

inhibits osteoclast activity when calcium levels are sufficient or too high

73
Q

what is calcitonin stimulated by?

A

parafollicular cells

74
Q

calcitriol vs calcitonin

A

calcitriol is for low calcium levels and calcitonin is for high levels

75
Q

thirst mechanism

A

increased blood osmolarity is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, activating the thirst centre; this caused us to be thirsty and for the stomach to expand causing more surface area for water reabsorption

76
Q

cells when dehydrated

A

shrink due to water moving osmosis to the salty ECF

77
Q

cells when overhydrated

A

cells swell or burst due to water moving by osmosis into the cell because ECF osmolarity is low

78
Q

example of a strong acid

A

HCl

79
Q

example of a strong base

A

KOH

80
Q

buffer system

A

converts strong acids/bases into weak ones to protect the body from sharp pH changes

81
Q

example of a weak acid

A

H2C03

82
Q

example of a weak base

A

HCO3-

83
Q

example of a buffer system that would increase pH

A

NaOH + H2CO3 > NaHCO3 + H20; this works because it is a strong base and a weak acid, forming a weak base and a salt

84
Q

example of a buffer system that would decrease pH

A

HCl + NaHCO3 > H2CO3 + NaCl; this works because it is a strong acid with a weak base, forming a weak acid and salt

85
Q

negative feedback loop for low pH

A

low pH detected by chemoreceptors in the brain and the heart; control centre is the inspiration centre in the medulla; this causes the diaphragm to contract and expel more CO2, thus less acid can form, increasing the PH

86
Q

why does less CO2 increase pH?

A

because there is less H2CO3 that can form when there is less CO2

87
Q

how is pH increased in the PCT?

A

through the Na+/H+ antiporter than expels H+ into the urine; it is present in the PCT cell because of the CO2+H2O>H2CO2>H+ + HCO3- reaction; HCO3- will move into the interstitial fluid via facilitated diffusion

88
Q

what enzyme allows for the buffer reaction to occur?

A

carbonic anhydrase

89
Q

increasing pH in the CT

A

occurs in the intercalated cells; a proton pump on the apical surface will pump H+ out into the urine and HCO3- will antiport with chloride into the interstitial fluid

90
Q

what does H+ buffer with in the urine?

A

NH3 (forms NH4+) or HPO4– (forms H2PO4-)

91
Q

decreasing the pH in the CT

A

proton pump on basolateral surface moves H+ into the interstitial fluid; HCO3- is sent into the urine via the chloride shift which occurs on the apical surface

92
Q

what is the anatomy of adeventita?

A

fibrous CT w/ collagen and fat

93
Q

do principal or intercalated cells have more mircovilli?

A

intercalated cells

94
Q

how does Ca+ move within the DCT

A

it is antiported with Na+

95
Q

major secreted substances in urine

A

urea, uric acid, creatinine, K+, and some water, Na+, and Cl-

96
Q

what substances commonly move via the paracellular route

A

K+, Cl-, and urea

97
Q

what is loss of BP detected by?

A

baroreceptors in the cartoid sinus

98
Q

what does ANG II bind to?

A

AT1 receptors

99
Q

what does aldosterone bind to?

A

mineralocorticoid cytoplasm receptors

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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