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Anatomy and Phyisology > BIOL lab study notes > Flashcards

BIOL lab study notes Flashcards

1
Q

cervical plexus location

A

C1-C5

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2
Q

cervical plexus supplying locations

A

goes to the skins and muscles of the head, neck, superior shoulders, chest and diaphragm

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3
Q

brachial plexus location

A

C5-T1

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4
Q

brachial plexus nerves

A

axillary nerve, radial nerve, and ulnar nerve

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5
Q

what does the brachial plexus supply?

A

the shoulders and upper limbs

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6
Q

lumbar plexus location

A

L1-L4

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7
Q

lumbar plexus nerve

A

femoral nerve

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8
Q

what does the lumbar plexus supply?

A

the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and parts of the upper limbs

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9
Q

sacral plexus location

A

L4-S4

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10
Q

sacral plexus nerves

A

sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, and fibular nerve

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11
Q

what does the sacral plexus supply?

A

the butt, perineum, and lower limbs

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12
Q

neural plexus

A

in a plexus, nerve fibres from different spinal nerves are sorted together, so all fibres going to a specific body part are grouped together

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13
Q

sensory neuron neuron type

A

unipolar

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14
Q

neuroeffector function

A

located at the synapse between the motor neuron and the effector

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15
Q

sciatic nerve motor location

A

back of thigh, leg, and foot

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16
Q

axillary nerve motor location

A

armpit and shoulder (deltoid and teres minor)

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17
Q

radial nerve motor location

A

arm (triceps), posterior forearm, and hands

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18
Q

femoral nerve motor location

A

thigh muscles (anterior and lateral) and hip

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19
Q

tibial nerve motor location

A

lower leg and foot muscles on posterior side

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20
Q

fibular nerve motor location

A

leg muscles of the anterior and lateral regions

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21
Q

insula

A

is located deep within the lateral cerebral sulcus (which divides the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe); deep to the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes

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22
Q

how many cranial nerves are only sensory?

A

3 (I, II, VIII)

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23
Q

how many cranial nerves are only motor?

A

5 (III, IV, VI, XI, XII)

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24
Q

how many cranial nerves are mixed?

A

four (V, VII, IX, X)

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25
Q

where do the cranial nerves originate from?

A

10 from the brainstem and 2 from the cerebrum (I and II)

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26
Q

3 meningeal layers

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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27
Q

dura mater

A

contains 2 layers (periosteal and meningeal)

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28
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer that is avascular, web-like, and contains elastic and collagen

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29
Q

pia mater

A

adheres to skull and is very vascular; contains elastic and collagen

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30
Q

the canal of schlemm

A

the junction of the sclera and cornea and where the aqueous humour drains

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31
Q

what is the outer layer of the eye?

A

the cornea and the sclera and this is a fibrous layer

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32
Q

what is the middle layer of the eye?

A

made of the choroid, the ciliary body and zonules, and the iris; this is vascular

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33
Q

what is the inner layer of the eye?

A

made of the pigmented layer (retina) and the neural layer (3 layers: bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, and photoreceptor layer made of rods and cones)

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34
Q

iris components

A

contains radial (dilate) and circular fibres (constrict) which are smooth muscle, and also some melanin

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35
Q

another name for the inner ear

A

the labyrinth

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36
Q

oval window

A

membrane at the base of the cochlea where the stapes attaches

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37
Q

what happens to the eyes when looking at a nearby object?

A

the ciliary body contracts, the ligaments relax, and the lens becomes more curved

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38
Q

cones in cow’s eye name

A

tapetum

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39
Q

flow of tears in lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal gland > lacrimal ducts > lacrimal punctum > lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct

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40
Q

most to least abundant WBCs

A

neutrophils (60-70%) > lymphocytes (20-25%) > monocytes (3-8%) > eosinophils (2-4%) > basophils (0.5-1%)

41
Q

neutrophil function

A

involved in phagocytosis

42
Q

neutrophil appearance

A

multilobed and granular

43
Q

basophils appearance

A

bi-lobed and very granular that is covers up lobes

44
Q

eosinophil appearance

A

bi-loped and granular

45
Q

monocyte appearance

A

agranular and kidney shaped nucleus

46
Q

lymphocyte appearance

A

agranular and large round nucleus with small indent

47
Q

what holds lobes of WBCs together?

A

chromatin

48
Q

two main lymphatic trunks

A

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

49
Q

5 principal lymphatic trunks

A

lumbar, intestinal, subclavian, brochnomedistinum, and jugular

50
Q

lumbar trunk

A

drains from the lower limbs, pelvis, and kidneys

51
Q

intestinal trunk

A

drains from the stomach, pancreas, spleen, intestines, and part of the liver

52
Q

jugular trunk

A

drains from the head and neck

53
Q

subclavian trunk

A

drains from the upper limbs

54
Q

bronchomediastinal trunk

A

drains from the thoracic wall, lungs, and heart

55
Q

what does the right lymphatic trunk drain from?

A

the right arm, head, and chest

56
Q

how do lymphatic vessels differ from blood vessels?

A

Larger in diameter, much more permeable, one-way flow, thinner walls (in capillaries), and many valves

57
Q

5 major lymph node groups

A

submaxillary, cervical, axillary, inguinal, and supratrochlear

58
Q

submaxillary lymph nodes

A

are found on the floor of the mouth

59
Q

cervical lymph nodes

A

are found in the neck

60
Q

supratrochlear lymph nodes

A

are found above the elbow bend

61
Q

inguinal lymph nodes

A

are found in the groin

62
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

are found in the armpits and upper chest

63
Q

what are blood types determined based on?

A

antigens on the surface of RBCs

64
Q

another name for antigens

A

agglutinogens

65
Q

another name for antibodies

A

agglutinins

66
Q

what does antibody A react with?

A

antigen B

67
Q

major reaction

A

is when your receive donor antigens and the result in the recipients produces antibodies which agglutinate the donor’s red blood cells

68
Q

minor reaction

A

occurs when the recipient receives donor antibodies which agglutinate some of the recipients RBCs; this is only temporary

69
Q

Rh receiving

A

Rh+ can receive from + and - but - can only receive from -

70
Q

anti-A serum

A

will cause type A blood to clump but B will be normal

71
Q

agglutination

A

is hemolysis of blood due to the forming of antigen-antibody complexes

72
Q

order of milk flow through the breasts

A

lobules containing alveoli > mammary ducts > lactiferous sinus > lactiferous duct > nipple

73
Q

another name for a mature follicle

A

Graafian follicle

74
Q

anatomy of the peritoneum

A

simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT

75
Q

3 layers of the uterus

A

peritoneum, myometrium, and endometrium

76
Q

3 layers of the vagina

A

adventitia, muscularis (2 layers), and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is lined with a mucus membrane

77
Q

broad ligament

A

anchors the uterus to the pelvic cavity and are bat-wing shaped (double folds of the peritoneum)

78
Q

round ligaments

A

anchors the uterus to the labia majora, and this is significant during pregnancy; is fibrous CT

79
Q

cardinal ligament

A

anchors the cervix and vagina to the pelvic wall and is part of the peritoneum

80
Q

uterosacral

A

anchors the uterus to the sacrum and extends posteriorly; double folds of the peritoneum

81
Q

vulva

A

part of the perineum but is just the external genitalia

82
Q

perineum

A

is the area medial to the thighs

83
Q

prepuce

A

skin covering the clitoris

84
Q

hymen

A

Vascularized fold of mucus membrane covering the internal vaginal orifice during development

85
Q

skene’s glands other name

A

paraurethral glands

86
Q

bartholin’s glands other name

A

greater vestibular glands

87
Q

areola

A

Circle of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

88
Q

how many lobes per breast

A

about 15-20

89
Q

2 parts of the internal penis

A

corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

90
Q

seminal vesicle secretions

A

fructose, prostaglandins, alkaline fluid, and clotting proteins

91
Q

prostate gland secretions

A

citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphate, and seminalplasmin

92
Q

bulbourethral gland secretions

A

mucus and alkaline fluid

93
Q

other name for bulbourethral gland

A

cowper’s gland

94
Q

anterior chamber

A

is between the cornea and the iris

95
Q

posterior chamber

A

is between the iris and the lens

96
Q

posterior cavity

A

between the lens and the retina

97
Q

flow of lymph through vessels

A

capillaries > collecting ducts > trunks > ducts

98
Q

what tissue makes up lymph nodes

A

reticular tissue

99
Q
A

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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