BIOL lab study notes Flashcards
cervical plexus location
C1-C5
cervical plexus supplying locations
goes to the skins and muscles of the head, neck, superior shoulders, chest and diaphragm
brachial plexus location
C5-T1
brachial plexus nerves
axillary nerve, radial nerve, and ulnar nerve
what does the brachial plexus supply?
the shoulders and upper limbs
lumbar plexus location
L1-L4
lumbar plexus nerve
femoral nerve
what does the lumbar plexus supply?
the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and parts of the upper limbs
sacral plexus location
L4-S4
sacral plexus nerves
sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, and fibular nerve
what does the sacral plexus supply?
the butt, perineum, and lower limbs
neural plexus
in a plexus, nerve fibres from different spinal nerves are sorted together, so all fibres going to a specific body part are grouped together
sensory neuron neuron type
unipolar
neuroeffector function
located at the synapse between the motor neuron and the effector
sciatic nerve motor location
back of thigh, leg, and foot
axillary nerve motor location
armpit and shoulder (deltoid and teres minor)
radial nerve motor location
arm (triceps), posterior forearm, and hands
femoral nerve motor location
thigh muscles (anterior and lateral) and hip
tibial nerve motor location
lower leg and foot muscles on posterior side
fibular nerve motor location
leg muscles of the anterior and lateral regions
insula
is located deep within the lateral cerebral sulcus (which divides the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe); deep to the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes
how many cranial nerves are only sensory?
3 (I, II, VIII)
how many cranial nerves are only motor?
5 (III, IV, VI, XI, XII)
how many cranial nerves are mixed?
four (V, VII, IX, X)
where do the cranial nerves originate from?
10 from the brainstem and 2 from the cerebrum (I and II)
3 meningeal layers
dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
dura mater
contains 2 layers (periosteal and meningeal)
arachnoid mater
middle layer that is avascular, web-like, and contains elastic and collagen
pia mater
adheres to skull and is very vascular; contains elastic and collagen
the canal of schlemm
the junction of the sclera and cornea and where the aqueous humour drains
what is the outer layer of the eye?
the cornea and the sclera and this is a fibrous layer
what is the middle layer of the eye?
made of the choroid, the ciliary body and zonules, and the iris; this is vascular
what is the inner layer of the eye?
made of the pigmented layer (retina) and the neural layer (3 layers: bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, and photoreceptor layer made of rods and cones)
iris components
contains radial (dilate) and circular fibres (constrict) which are smooth muscle, and also some melanin
another name for the inner ear
the labyrinth
oval window
membrane at the base of the cochlea where the stapes attaches
what happens to the eyes when looking at a nearby object?
the ciliary body contracts, the ligaments relax, and the lens becomes more curved
cones in cow’s eye name
tapetum
flow of tears in lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal gland > lacrimal ducts > lacrimal punctum > lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct
most to least abundant WBCs
neutrophils (60-70%) > lymphocytes (20-25%) > monocytes (3-8%) > eosinophils (2-4%) > basophils (0.5-1%)
neutrophil function
involved in phagocytosis
neutrophil appearance
multilobed and granular
basophils appearance
bi-lobed and very granular that is covers up lobes
eosinophil appearance
bi-loped and granular
monocyte appearance
agranular and kidney shaped nucleus
lymphocyte appearance
agranular and large round nucleus with small indent
what holds lobes of WBCs together?
chromatin
two main lymphatic trunks
thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
5 principal lymphatic trunks
lumbar, intestinal, subclavian, brochnomedistinum, and jugular
lumbar trunk
drains from the lower limbs, pelvis, and kidneys
intestinal trunk
drains from the stomach, pancreas, spleen, intestines, and part of the liver
jugular trunk
drains from the head and neck
subclavian trunk
drains from the upper limbs
bronchomediastinal trunk
drains from the thoracic wall, lungs, and heart
what does the right lymphatic trunk drain from?
the right arm, head, and chest
how do lymphatic vessels differ from blood vessels?
Larger in diameter, much more permeable, one-way flow, thinner walls (in capillaries), and many valves
5 major lymph node groups
submaxillary, cervical, axillary, inguinal, and supratrochlear
submaxillary lymph nodes
are found on the floor of the mouth
cervical lymph nodes
are found in the neck
supratrochlear lymph nodes
are found above the elbow bend
inguinal lymph nodes
are found in the groin
axillary lymph nodes
are found in the armpits and upper chest
what are blood types determined based on?
antigens on the surface of RBCs
another name for antigens
agglutinogens
another name for antibodies
agglutinins
what does antibody A react with?
antigen B
major reaction
is when your receive donor antigens and the result in the recipients produces antibodies which agglutinate the donor’s red blood cells
minor reaction
occurs when the recipient receives donor antibodies which agglutinate some of the recipients RBCs; this is only temporary
Rh receiving
Rh+ can receive from + and - but - can only receive from -
anti-A serum
will cause type A blood to clump but B will be normal
agglutination
is hemolysis of blood due to the forming of antigen-antibody complexes
order of milk flow through the breasts
lobules containing alveoli > mammary ducts > lactiferous sinus > lactiferous duct > nipple
another name for a mature follicle
Graafian follicle
anatomy of the peritoneum
simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT
3 layers of the uterus
peritoneum, myometrium, and endometrium
3 layers of the vagina
adventitia, muscularis (2 layers), and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is lined with a mucus membrane
broad ligament
anchors the uterus to the pelvic cavity and are bat-wing shaped (double folds of the peritoneum)
round ligaments
anchors the uterus to the labia majora, and this is significant during pregnancy; is fibrous CT
cardinal ligament
anchors the cervix and vagina to the pelvic wall and is part of the peritoneum
uterosacral
anchors the uterus to the sacrum and extends posteriorly; double folds of the peritoneum
vulva
part of the perineum but is just the external genitalia
perineum
is the area medial to the thighs
prepuce
skin covering the clitoris
hymen
Vascularized fold of mucus membrane covering the internal vaginal orifice during development
skene’s glands other name
paraurethral glands
bartholin’s glands other name
greater vestibular glands
areola
Circle of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple
how many lobes per breast
about 15-20
2 parts of the internal penis
corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum
seminal vesicle secretions
fructose, prostaglandins, alkaline fluid, and clotting proteins
prostate gland secretions
citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphate, and seminalplasmin
bulbourethral gland secretions
mucus and alkaline fluid
other name for bulbourethral gland
cowper’s gland
anterior chamber
is between the cornea and the iris
posterior chamber
is between the iris and the lens
posterior cavity
between the lens and the retina
flow of lymph through vessels
capillaries > collecting ducts > trunks > ducts
what tissue makes up lymph nodes
reticular tissue
