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Anatomy and Phyisology > BIOL 1260: female reproduction > Flashcards

BIOL 1260: female reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

organs of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries x2, uterine tubes x2, uterus, vagina, pudendum, and mammary glands

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2
Q

mammary glands

A

are part of the female reproductive system and also the integumentary system

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3
Q

function of ovaries

A

to produce gametes/oocytes and to produce hormones

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4
Q

what are the female gametes called?

A

oocytes

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5
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, and relaxin

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6
Q

broad ligament

A

is a fold of the parietal peritoneum and it attaches the lateral walls of the uterus to the ovaries via the mesovarium; looks like bat wings

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7
Q

mesovarium

A

double fold of the parietal peritoneum which is located superior to the ovaries

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8
Q

ovarian ligament

A

connects the ovaries to the uterus more directly

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9
Q

suspensory ligament

A

attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall

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10
Q

ligaments holding the ovaries in place

A

the broad ligament (and its associated mesovarium), the suspensory ligament, and the ovarian ligament

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11
Q

all hormones of the female reproductive system

A

estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone

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12
Q

layers of the ovaries

A

germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, and ovarian medulla

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13
Q

germinal epithelium

A

simple cuboidal to simple squamous; outer layer of the ovaries

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14
Q

where do germ cells for the female reproductive cells come from?

A

migrate from the yolk sac during embryonic development

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15
Q

tunica albuginea

A

a whitish capsule of dense irregular CT that offers protection in the ovaries; deep to the germinal epithelium

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16
Q

ovarian cortex

A

consists of ovarian follicles and is rich in collagen and fibroblast-like cells; deep to the tunica albuginea

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17
Q

name of fibroblast-like cells in the ovarian cortex

A

stromal cells

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18
Q

order of developing follicles

A

oogonium > primordial follicle > primary follicle > secondary follicle > mature follicle (then ovulation) > corpus luteum > corpus albican

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19
Q

follicles

A

consist of oocyte in various stages of development along with the various cells surrounding them

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20
Q

follicular cells

A

oocytes when surrounded by a single layer of cells

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21
Q

granulosa cells

A

oocytes when they are surrounded by many layers

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22
Q

purpose of cells surrounding oocytes

A

to nourish the oocyte and to secrete estrogens

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23
Q

what happens as the follicle increases in size?

A

the amount of estrogen being secreted also increases; this is a positive feedback loop

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24
Q

mature follicle

A

is fluid filled and ready to rupture and release secondary oocytes into the fallopian tubes (ovulation)

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25
Q

ovulation process meaning

A

is the process of shooting the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube

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26
Q

corpus luteum

A

aka yellow body; the remnants of the follicle after ovulation; is also an endocrine structure

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27
Q

what does the corpus luteum produce?

A

estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

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28
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum a few weeks after ovulation?

A

it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue and becomes the corpus albicans

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29
Q

corpus albicans

A

the degeneration of the corpus luteum that is nonfunctional

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30
Q

ovarian medulla

A

contains vessels, lymphatics and nerves; anatomy is similar to cortex but the CT is more loosely arranged here

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31
Q

oogenesis

A

is the formation of an ovum (egg) and this process begins prenatally

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32
Q

what does oogenesis start with?

A

primordial germ cells (PGCs)

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33
Q

primordial germ cells

A

precursor to ovum that migrates from the yolk sac to the ovaries during the embryonic stage; here is goes through a series of cell division to generate oocytes

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34
Q

oogonia

A

are diploid (2n), divide by mitosis, and produce millions of germ cells

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35
Q

what do most oogonia degenerate by?

A

atresia

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36
Q

what do remaining oogonia develop into?

A

large, primary oocytes and these enter prophase I of meiosis where they arrest until puberty

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37
Q

primordial follicle

A

first stage of follicular development and are present in the arrested stage of development (before puberty) and contain the primary oocyte

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38
Q

what is each primordial follicle surrounded by?

A

a single flat layer of follicular cells and a basement membrane; this is embedded within the ovarian medulla which contains collagen fibres and stromal cells

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39
Q

where are FSH and LH secreted from?

A

the anterior pituitary gland

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40
Q

what stimulates the development of the primordial follicles into primary follicles?

A

FSH and LH

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41
Q

primary follicles

A

contains the primary oocyte that is surrounded the zona pellucida, granulosa cells, and a basement membrane; this is further surrounded by theca folliculi which is part of the ovarian medulla

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42
Q

theca folliculi

A

surrounds the primary follicle and are stromal cells that have formed a more organized layer

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43
Q

zona pellucida

A

surrounds the primary oocyte in the primary follicle; this is a glycoprotein layer

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44
Q

secondary follicle

A

contains primary oocyte surrounded by the zona pellucida, the corona radiata, the antrum, the basement membrane, and the theca folliculi (now has two layers)

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45
Q

antrum

A

begins in the secondary follicle and is formed by granulosa cells that secrete a follicular fluid

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46
Q

when does the theca folliculi separate into two layers?

A

at the secondary follicle stage

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47
Q

theca externa

A

consists of stromal cells and collagen fibres, and helps the secondary follicle to blend in with the surrounding cortex

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48
Q

theca interna

A

clear layer present in the secondary follicle

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49
Q

another name for mature follicles

A

graafian

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50
Q

mature follicles

A

contains a secondary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida, corona radiata, a much larger antrum (filled with follicular fluid), a basement membrane, and the two layers of the theca folliculi

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51
Q

what follicle is the one that ovulates?

A

the mature follicle

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52
Q

when does the primary oocyte finish meiosis?

A

after puberty and just before ovulation, com

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53
Q

result of completed meiosis I

A

2 haploid cells; one secondary oocyte and the first polar body

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54
Q

what begins meiosis II?

A

the secondary oocyte and the first polar body

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55
Q

what stage is the secondary oocyte arrested in?

A

metaphase II; this will complete after fertilization

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56
Q

what occurs to the secondary oocyte after fertilization?

A

meiosis II resumes, the oocyte splits into an ovum and a second polar body, and then the diploid zygote forms

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57
Q

what happens as you get further from the germinal epithelium?

A

the oocytes are becoming more developed

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58
Q

what stage of development are primordial follicles in?

A

arrested meiosis I (prophase I) before puberty

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59
Q

what does the primordial follicle develop into the primary follicle?

A

after puberty and the primary oocyte will be surrounded by a follicle

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60
Q

when does the secondary follicle develop to the mature follicle?

A

after meiosis I is completed and haploid cells are formed

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61
Q

when is meiosis II completed?

A

when fertilization occurs

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62
Q

uterine tubes

A

aka fallopian tubes or oviducts; extend laterally from the ovaries to the uterus; function to be a road for sperm to reach the secondary oocyte and also help the zygote travel to the uterus

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63
Q

what is the name of the terminal end of the uterine tube?

A

the fundibulum of the uterine tube

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64
Q

the fundibulum of the uterine tube

A

helps to transport the ovulated oocyte to the tube

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65
Q

fimbriae of the uterine tube

A

are finger-like projections of the tube; once attaches to the ovary but the rest are free floating

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66
Q

what are the ends of the infundibulum of the uterine tube called?

A

fimbriae

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67
Q

what is the main passageway of the uterine tube called?

A

the ampulla; this is the longest and widest part

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68
Q

what part of the uterine tube drains into the uterus?

A

the isthmus; thinner area and thick-walled

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69
Q

parts of the uterine tube

A

infundibulum, fimbriae, ampulla, and isthmus

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70
Q

3 layers of the uterine tube

A

mucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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71
Q

mucosa of the uterine tube

A

simple columnar epithelium containing ciliated cells and peg cells and is surrounded by a lamina propria

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72
Q

peg cells

A

found in the uterine tube and are non-ciliated cells that have microvilli and secrete fluid that provides nutrition to the ovum while in the tube

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73
Q

function of cilia in uterine tube

A

function to move oocytes and eventually the zygote into the uterus

74
Q

muscularis of the uterine tube

A

inner thick layer of circular smooth muscle and outer thin layer of longitudinal smooth muscle; these create peristaltic contractions to help move the zygote or oocyte

75
Q

serosa of the uterine tube

A

is the visceral peritoneum

76
Q

the uterus

A

is a pathway for sperm to reach the uterine tubes and also is the site where the embryo and fetus develop

77
Q

where is the uterus positioned?

A

between the bladder and the rectum

78
Q

size and shape of uterus

A

similar to an upside down pear; size varies based on if fetus is present

79
Q

3 divisions of the uterus

A

fundus, body, and cervix

80
Q

fundus of the uterus

A

dome shaped and it located at the superior region above the tubes

81
Q

body of the uterus

A

the central region

82
Q

cervix

A

inferior narrow region of the uterus that empties into the vagina

83
Q

what connects the body of the uterus to the cervix?

A

the isthmus

84
Q

uterine cavity

A

interior area of the body

85
Q

cervical canal

A

the interior of the cervix

86
Q

external os

A

is where the cervical canal opens up into the vagina

87
Q

internal os

A

is when the cervical canal opens into the uterine cavty

88
Q

anteflexion position meaning

A

refers to the uterus projecting anteriorly and superiorly over the bladder

89
Q

position of the cervix

A

projects inferior and posterior and enters the vagina almost at 90 degrees

90
Q

uterine ligaments

A

these are double folds of the parietal peritoneum and include the broad ligament, uterosacral ligaments, round ligaments, and cardinal ligaments

91
Q

uterosacral ligaments

A

lie on either side of the rectum and connects the uterus to the pelvic floor

92
Q

cardinal ligaments

A

located inferior to the broad ligament and extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina

93
Q

round ligaments

A

are bands of fibrous CT between the layer of the broad ligament; these extend from the inferior portion of the uterine tubes to a portion of the labia majora

94
Q

retroflexion

A

occurs when the uterus is positioned posteriorly rather than anteriorly; this is common after childbirth

95
Q

uterine prolpase

A

results from weakening of ligaments and the musculature of the pelvis and is when the cervix drops down into the vagina

96
Q

3 layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

97
Q

perimetrium

A

is the outer layer of the uterus or and also the visceral peritoneum and is simple squamous epithelium combined with areolar tissue

98
Q

what gives rise to the broad ligaments?

A

the perimetrium

99
Q

myometrium

A

the middle layer of the uterus that is 3 layers of smooth muscle and function for childbirth; inner longitudinal layer, middle circular layer, and outer oblique layer

100
Q

endometrium

A

the inner layer of the uterus and is highly vascularized, contains glands, and lamina propria; 3 layers are mucosa, stratum functionalis and stratum basalis

101
Q

mucosa of the endometrium

A

simple columnar epithelium with cilia, secretory cells, and glands; deep to this is the lamina propria

102
Q

stratum functionalis

A

is a layer of the endometrium that falls off during menstruation and is constantly replaced

103
Q

stratum basalis

A

is part of the endometrium and is a permanent layer that gives rise to a new stratum functionalis via stem cells

104
Q

endometiral gland

A

goes deep into the uterus (as far as the stratum basalis) and secretes nourishing substances to the fetus

105
Q

perimetrial pouches

A

are formed by the outer layer of the uterus and includes the rectouterine pouch and the vesicouterine pouch

106
Q

vesicouterine pouch

A

is a pouch of the perimetrium that is formed right above the bladder

107
Q

rectouterine pouch

A

is a pouch of the perimetrium formed near the rectum

108
Q

vasculature of the uterus

A

internal iliac artery > arcuate arteries > radial arteries > straight or spiral arterioles

109
Q

arcuate arteries

A

are arranged circular around the myometrium

110
Q

radial arteries

A

penetrate deep into the myometrium

111
Q

straight arterioles

A

are permanent and supply the stratum basalis

112
Q

spiral arterioles

A

supply the stratum functionalis and change during the cycle

113
Q

what produces cervical mucus?

A

the secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix

114
Q

what does cervical mucus consist of?

A

water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and salts

115
Q

what is cervical mucus like during mid/late ovulation and why?

A

less viscous and more alkaline; this makes it sperm friendly due to high pH

116
Q

cervical mucus not during or after ovulation?

A

is viscous and forms a cervical plug that prevents sperm from entering the uterus

117
Q

what is the source of energy for sperm?

A

cervical mucus

118
Q

the vagina

A

extends from exterior of body to the cervix; 3 functions, to be an area for the penis, to be an outlet for menstrual flow, and to be a passageway for childbirth

119
Q

position of the vagina

A

between the rectum and bladder; it extends superiorly and posteriorly until it meets the cervix

120
Q

mucosa of the vagina

A

epithelium is non-keratinized stratified squamous, surrounded by a lamina propria; epithelium also makes rugae

121
Q

what does the mucosa of the vagina produce?

A

glycogen; this decomposes into organic acid, creating a low pH

122
Q

low pH of the vagina

A

makes an inhospitable space for microorganisms and sperm (semun is alkaline)

123
Q

muscularis of the vagina

A

inner layer of longitudinal smooth muscle and outer layer of circular smooth muscle

124
Q

adventitia of the vagina

A

consists of areolar CT and anchors the vagina to adjacent organs (urethra, bladder, rectum, and anal canal)

125
Q

3 layers of the vagina

A

mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

126
Q

hymen

A

is a thin fold of vascularized mucus membrane that covers the inferior end of the vagina orfice during development

127
Q

vulva other name

128
Q

vulva

A

is the external genitalia of the female

129
Q

mons pubis

A

is an elevation of adipose tissue that is covered by skin and pubic hair; functions for protection

130
Q

labia majora

A

two longitudinal folds of skin that are rich in adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, and are also covered by pubic hair

131
Q

labia minora

A

is two smaller folds of skin that lack pubic hair and sweat glands but still have sebaceous glands

132
Q

sebaceous glands in the vulva

A

produce an antimicrobial substance via an oily material that also provides lubrication during sex

133
Q

clitoris

A

has two erectile bodies that become enlarged during sex and have a large number of nerves and blood vessels and is covered by a thin layer of skin called the prepuce

134
Q

prepcuce

A

thin layer of skin that covers the clitoris

135
Q

exposed portion of the clitoris

136
Q

the vestibule

A

is the area between the labia minora; contains the hymen, the vaginal orifice, external urethral orifice, and a number of ducts and glands

137
Q

paraurethral glands

A

aka skene’s glands; are found on either side of the external vaginal orifice and produce mucus

138
Q

greater vestibular glands

A

on either side of the external vaginal orifice; aka bartholin’s gland; secrete mucus

139
Q

bulb of the vestibule

A

contains two elongated masses of erectile tissue deep to the labia; these become engorged with blood during arousal and put pressure on the penis

140
Q

the perineum

A

is a diamond shaped region that is medial to the thighs and contains the external genitals and anus; bounded anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, laterally by the hips, and posteriorly by the coccyx

141
Q

seperations of the perineum

A

divides it into the anterior urogenital triangle (contains external genitals) and the. posterior anal triangle (contains the anus)

142
Q

estrogen function

A

development of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics (adipose tissue in breast, hips, mons pubis, etc.), increases protein anabolism, lowers blood cholesterol, regenerates the stratum functionalis, and regulates GnFH/FSH/LH only at moderate levels! (not high levels)

143
Q

moderate levels of estrogen

A

inhibits LH/FSH (due to corpus luteum and other hormones, mainly inhibin)

144
Q

high levels of estrogen

A

activates LH

145
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by the cells of the corpus luteum, functions for endometrium repair, preparation of mammary glands, and at high levels it inhibits GnRH/LH

146
Q

what is progesterone secreted by?

A

cells of the corpus luteum

147
Q

relaxin

A

produced in small amounts by the corpus luteum, it relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium, and is associated with pregnancy

148
Q

how does relaxin work in pregnancy?

A

lots is secreted in pregnancy by the placenta and functions to dilate the uterine cervix and increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis

149
Q

inhibin

A

is secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and the corpus luteum after ovulation and its job is to inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH

150
Q

3 phases of the uterine cycle

A

menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase

151
Q

menstrual phase of the uterine cycle

A

during this phase the stratum functionalis is shed off, causes the endometrium to shrink

152
Q

why does the shedding of the stratum functionalis occur?

A

because there is no estrogen or progesterone being produced once the corpus luteum dies

153
Q

proliferative phase

A

this is due to high amounts of estrogens that are coming from the growing follicle and in this phase the stratum functionalis is growing lots; short and straight endometrial glands are forming and the arterioles are also going to start coiling

154
Q

what hormone(s) are present during the menstrual phase?

155
Q

what hormone(s) are present during the proliferative phase?

156
Q

what hormone(s) are present during the secretory phase?

A

estrogen and progesterone

157
Q

secretory phase

A

involves more growth of the endometrium, coiling of the glands, and vascularization of the endometrium; the glands begin to become active and secrete glycogen into the lumen

158
Q

what is secreted during the secretory phase?

159
Q

3 phases of the ovarian cycle

A

menstrual phase, pre-ovulatory phase, and post-ovulatory phase

160
Q

pre-ovulatory phase

A

initiates the development of primary follicles into the secondary follicles via LH and FSH; one follicle becomes dominant and then secretes a lot of estrogen

161
Q

what hormones are high during the preovulatory phase?

162
Q

what hormones are high during the postovulatory phase?

A

estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin due to the corpus luteum

163
Q

what occurs when high levels of estrogen are produced by the follicle?

A

this goes to the hypothalamus which releases GnRH (this activates the anterior pituitary) and also goes directly to the anterior pituitary, causing it to make more FSH and LH

164
Q

result of FSH and LH action

A

causes the follicle to grow more

165
Q

positive feedback loop of estrogen, LH, and FSH

A

growing follicle produces estrogen, which goes to the brain and causes LH and FSH to be produced, causing the follicle to grow and so on until it ruptures

166
Q

medium amount of estrogen via production of the corpus luteum

A

the medium amount of estrogen will inhibit the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH and the hypothalamus to produce GnRH; this occurs in the post-ovulatory phase

167
Q

when is GnRH produced?

A

around puberty

168
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone; stimulates follicles to develop

169
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone; triggers ovulation and the production of the luteus corpus

170
Q

what stimulates the repair of the endometrium?

A

the estrogen in the bloodstream provided by the growing follicles

171
Q

what does the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle correspond to in the ovarian cycle?

A

pre-ovulatory phase (high estrogen levels)

172
Q

what occurs to the corpus luteum is fertilization occurs?

A

its function is recused for a few more weeks until the placenta can supply these hormones

173
Q

what does menstrual flow consist of?

A

blood, mucus, dead epithelium, and tissue fluid that all come from the endometrium

174
Q

what causes menstrual flow?

A

the absence of hormones due to the absence of the corpus luteum

175
Q

what inhibits other follicles from developing?

A

estrogen released by the mature follicle

176
Q

what surrounds the oocyte during ovulation?

A

the zona pellucida and corona radiata

177
Q

another name for the postovulatory phase

A

luteal phase

178
Q

corpus hemorrhagium

A

is the mature follicle after it collapses; this is a mixture of theca interna cells with granulosa cells that get clumped together and give rise to the corpus luteum

179
Q

hormones right before ovulation

A

there is a spike in FSH and LH, as well as estrogen all due to the growing follicle

180
Q

is what part of the cycle is progesterone high?

A

post-ovulation

181
Q

what does the postovulatory phase correspond to in the uterine phase?

A

the secretory phase

182
Q

how is the new stratum functionalis produced?

A

via mitosis of the basalis layer

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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