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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: female reproduction > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: female reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

name for intercourse

A

coitus

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2
Q

what consists of the vulva?

A

mons pubis, labia, clitoris, and the vaginal orifice

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3
Q

vagina anatomy

A

lined with a mucous membrane and stratified squamous epithelium, and deep to this is muscle

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4
Q

mucosa after menopause

A

is thin and fragile due to decline in estrogen secretions

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5
Q

bartholin glands

A

aka greater vestibular glands; these secrete mucus in response to sexual stimulation; are located on either side on the vaginal orifice

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6
Q

skene glands

A

located by the external urethral meatus and secrete mucus

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7
Q

name for vaginal discharge

A

leukorrhea

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8
Q

what is leukorrhea produced by?

A

the skene glands and the bartholin glands

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9
Q

leukorrhea pH

A

during reproductive years it is more acidic and more puberty and after menopause it is more alkaline

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10
Q

what makes leukorrhea more acidic?

A

increased population of lactobacillus

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11
Q

endocervical canal

A

is the passageway between the internal os of the cervix and the external os at the vaginal end

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12
Q

function of the external os

A

to act as a barrier to vaginal flora attempting to ascend into the uterus due to thick mucus

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13
Q

epithelial of upper female tract

A

is columnar epithelial cells

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14
Q

point of change between epitheliums in the female reproductive tract

A

is known as the transformation zone or squamous columnar zone; this is a common site for cervical dysplasia and cancer

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15
Q

another name for the body of the uterus

A

the corpus

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16
Q

name for the end of the oviducts

A

fimbriae

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17
Q

name for onset of female reproductive years

A

menarche

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18
Q

what develops in the breasts due to estrogen?

A

mammary tissue

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19
Q

breasts

A

consist of 15 to 20 lobes supported by ligaments; also contain muscle, fatty tissue, acini, and ducts

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20
Q

acini

A

are the basic functional units of the breast tissue, consisting of epithelial cells that secrete milk and contracting cells that move the milk into ducts

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21
Q

areola

A

is the pigmented tissue surrounding the nipple and contains sebaceous glands

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22
Q

function of higher hormone levels in the breast

A

high estrogen and progesterone increase the vascularity of the breasts and the proliferation and dilation of the ducts, leading to fullness and tenderness

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23
Q

what structures secrete hormones in the female reproductive system?

A

the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the ovary

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24
Q

typical position of the uterus

A

anteverted (tipped forward) and anteflexed (bent forward over the bladder)

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25
Q

what factors may change the position of the uterus?

A

minor congenital alternation, childbirth, or a pathologic condition like a tumor of scar tissue

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26
Q

retroverted uterus meaning

A

is is tipped backward

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27
Q

symptoms of displaced position of the uterus

A

usually is painless and asymptomatic, but if the cervix is not positioned correctly, infertility may occur; marked retroversion may also cause pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

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28
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation

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29
Q

dyspareunia

A

meaning intercourse

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30
Q

pelvic relaxation

A

can occur with aging or excessive stretching or trauma, causing the ligaments, fascia, muscles, uterus, bladder, and rectum to become weaker, causing these organs to shift out of their normal position

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31
Q

factors predisposing pelvic relaxation

A

prolonged labor, multiple births, births of large babies, repeated pregnancies with short intervals, and genetics; this usually becomes apparent during menopause

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32
Q

uterine displacement

A

is the descent of the cervix or uterus into the vagina

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33
Q

first-degree uterine displacement

A

the cervix drops into the vagina

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34
Q

second-degree uterine displacement

A

the cervix lies at the opening of the vagina, and the body of the uterus is in the vagina

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35
Q

third-degree uterine displacement other name

A

procidentia

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36
Q

third-degree uterine displacement

A

if the uterus and cervix protrude through the vaginal orifice

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37
Q

uterine prolapse symptoms

A

if advanced, discomfort, heaviness in the vagina, and infection may occur

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38
Q

pessary

A

support device to support the uterine during prolapse

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39
Q

cystocele

A

is a protrusion of the urinary bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina; this cause the bladder to not empty completely

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40
Q

common infection with cystocele

A

cystitis

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41
Q

rectocele

A

is the protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina; this interferes with defecation and creates pressure

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42
Q

absence of menstruation name

A

amenorrhea

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43
Q

amenorrhea

A

is the absence of menstruation and can be primary or secondary

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44
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

occurs when menarche has never occured and can result from turner syndrome, congenital defects affecting the hypothalamus, CNS, or pituitary gland, or congenital absence of the uterus

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45
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

is the cessation of menstruation in an individual who previously experienced this; results from an impediment in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis when it is suppressed by conditions such as tumors, stress, weight loss, eating disorders, sports, anemia, or chemo

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46
Q

primary dysmenorrhea

A

has no organic foundation and develops when ovulation commences; can include cramping, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness

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47
Q

what causing cramping?

A

the release of prostaglandins during endometrial shedding, causing strong uterine muscle contractions and ischemia

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48
Q

relief for dysmenorrhea

A

heating pad, exercise, or medication like ibuprofen, NSAIDs, midal, or oral contraceptives

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49
Q

why do oral contraceptives help with menstrual pain?

A

because they lead to anovulatory cycles that are not painful

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50
Q

secondary dysmenorrhea

A

results from pelvic disorders such as endometriosis, uterine polyps, tumors, or pelvic inflammatory disease

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51
Q

examples of abnormal menstrual bleeding

A

menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, polymenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea

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52
Q

menorrhagia

A

increased amount and duration of flow

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53
Q

metorrhagia

A

bleeding between cycles

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54
Q

polymenorrhea

A

short cycles of <3 weeks

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55
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

long cycles of >6 weeks

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56
Q

cause of altered bleeding patterns

A

a lack of ovulation or hormonal disorders such as thyroid abnormalities or tumors

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57
Q

premenstrual syndrome

A

begins a week or so before menstruation and includes symptoms like breast tenderness, weight gain, bloating, irritability, emotional lability, sleep disturbances, headache, and fatigue

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58
Q

most severe form of PMS

A

premenstrual dysphoric syndrome

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59
Q

endometriosis

A

is the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments, or colon; the tissue responds to cyclic hormone variations and will degenerate, shed, and bleed, irritating the surrounding tissues

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60
Q

complications of endometriosis

A

fibrous tissue cause adhesions and obstructions of the involved structures and infertility can occur

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61
Q

endometriosis on the ovary

A

can cause a chocolate cyst to develop which is a fibrous sac containing old brown blood

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62
Q

signs of endometriosis

A

progressively worsening dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia

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63
Q

causes of endometriosis

A

migration of endometrial tissue up the fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity, developmental from embryonic tissue, spread of endometrial tissue through the blood or lymph, or transplantation of tissue during surgery

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64
Q

treatment for endometriosis

A

hormonal suppression or surgical removal of the ectopic endometrial tissue

65
Q

vaginitis

A

in the inflammation of the vagina and can be the result of infection, imbalance in the natural flora, yeast infections, protozoal infections, allergic reactions, or atrophy due to menopause

66
Q

protozoal infection of the vagina

A

trichomonas vaginalis

67
Q

cervicitis

A

inflammation of the cervix caused by an STD, imbalance of the normal vaginal flora, or allergic reaction to a contraceptive or feminine hygiene products

68
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of the oviduct

69
Q

oophoritis

A

inflammation of the ovaries

70
Q

mastitis

A

inflammation of the mammary gland and is caused by S aureus

71
Q

organism responsible for non-STI infections of the female reproductive tract

A

S aureus

72
Q

what is toxic shock syndrome caused by?

A

S aureus

73
Q

candidiasis

A

is a form of vaginitis that is not sexually transmitted and is a yeast infection infecting the mucous membranes and skin

74
Q

causative organism of candidiasis

A

c albicans

75
Q

why may candidiasis develop?

A

can follow antibiotics (creates alkaline environment), decreased immune resistance, or increased glycogen or glucose levels in the secretions (with pregnancy, oral contraceptives, or diabetes)

76
Q

signs of candidiasis

A

red and swollen puriritic mucous membranes with thick, white, curd like discharge; dysuria and dyspareunia may also be present

77
Q

treatment for candidiasis

A

‘azole’ medications like butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and terconazole

78
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

is an infection of the reproductive tract, particular of the tubes and ovaries and includes cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, and oophoritis

79
Q

complications of pelvic inflammatory disease

A

peritonitis, pelvic abscess, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and the development of scar tissue

80
Q

most common cause of death in women with pelvic inflammatory disease

A

septic shock

81
Q

how does pelvic inflammatory disease develop

A

usually begins in the vagina or cervix, and spreads; is caused by multiple causative bacteria; the infection first affects the mucosa, causing edema and purulent exudate that may spread to the peritoneal membrane

82
Q

causative agents of pelvic inflammatory disease

A

majority arise from STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydiosis but can also be bacteroides, group B streptococci, E coli, etc.

83
Q

risk factors for developing pelvic inflammatory disease

A

a prior infection, after menstruation, IUDs or other instruments, abortion, childbirth, and spread from other infections like appendicitis

84
Q

signs of pelvic inflammatory disease

A

lower abdominal pain, tenderness, purulent discharge at the cervical os, dysuria, and sometimes fever

85
Q

signs of peritonitis

A

increasing abdominal distention and rigidity

86
Q

treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease

A

aggressive antimicrobials such as cefoxitin and doxycycline

87
Q

leiomyoma

A

is a benign tumor of the myometrium (can be in the uterine wall, beneath the endometrium, or under the serosa

88
Q

who is a leiomyoma common in?

A

those in their reproductive years and Asian and African American women

89
Q

what does leiomyoma appear as?

A

multiple well-defined but unencapsulated masses that vary in size; they may cysts and undergo necrosis

90
Q

hormones and leiomyoma

A

they tumors are hormone dependent thus grow during pregnancy and decrease after menopause

91
Q

signs of leiomyomas

A

often are asymptomatic but may cause abnormal bleeding like menorrhagia, urinary frequency, or constipation; they may also fertility

92
Q

treatment for leiomyomas

A

surgery or hormonal therapy

93
Q

another name for leiomyomas

A

fibroids

94
Q

ovarian cysts

A

are usually multiple small, fluid-filled sacs located under the serosa covering the ovaries and last about 8-12 weeks

95
Q

signs of ovarian cysts

A

if large, they can cause discomfort, urinary retention, menstrual irregularities, and bleedings

96
Q

complications of ovarian cysts

A

if rupture occurs, serious inflammation of the peritoneal cavity can occur and there is also risk of torsion of the ovary

97
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome other name

A

stein-leventhal syndrome

98
Q

polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

occurs when large ovaries contain cysts and are covered with a thick capsule due to hormonal abnormalities

99
Q

hormone levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

elevated androgen, estrogen, and LH and decreased FSH; fluctuations in FSH and LH are missing and ovulation does not occur

100
Q

cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary control system

101
Q

signs of polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

hirsutism (abnormal hairiness), amenorrhea, and infertility

102
Q

hirsutism

A

abnormal hairiness

103
Q

treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

clomiphene, an antiestrogen agent, surgical wedge resections of the ovaries, oral contraceptives, and antihyperglycemic drugs in those with insulin resistance

104
Q

fibrocystic breast disease other names

A

benign breast cancer or fibrocystic change

105
Q

fibrocystic breast disease

A

includes a broad range of breast lesions and the presence of nodules or masses in the breast tissue that change during the menstrual cycle in response to fluctuating hormone levels, particularly estrogen

106
Q

how do the breasts change during fibrocystic breast disease?

A

the CT of the breast is gradually replaced by dense fibrous tissue and cysts develop during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and vary in size; breasts also become heavy, painful, and tender before menstruation

107
Q

3 categories of fibrocystic breast disease

A

are based on the risk of development of breast cancer and are nonproliferative lesions, proliferative lesions, and proliferative lesions with atypical cells

108
Q

nonproliferative lesions for fibrocystic breast disease

A

includes microcysts and fibroadenomas and are not considered precancerous

109
Q

proliferative lesions for fibrocystic breast disease

A

includes these lesions with epithelial hyperplasia in the ducts in which there are no atypical cells; there is a risk of developing breast cancer if there is family history

110
Q

proliferative lesions with atypical cells for fibrocystic breast disease

A

is a small group and requires monitoring as there is a risk of breast cancer

111
Q

treatment for fibrocystic breast disease

A

dietary changes such as reducing caffeine and fat intake, aspirating fluid from cysts, removing cysts, or the drug androgen danazol

112
Q

carcinoma of the breast

A

malignant tumors that often develop in the upper, outer quadrant of the breasts and most arise from the cells of the ductal epithelium

113
Q

fixed breast tumor

A

occurs when the tumor adheres to the muscle or fascia of the chest wall

114
Q

metastasis of breast carcinoma

A

will first spread to nearby lymph nodes (often axillary ones), followed by spread to the lungs, brain, bone, and liver

115
Q

grading of breast tumors

A

depends on the degree of differentiation or anaplasia, as well as the size, the involvement of lymph nodes, and the presence of metastases

116
Q

how is breast cancer diagnosed?

A

based on the presence of estrogen or progesterone receptors on the tumor cells

117
Q

causes of breast cancer

A

strong genetic factors, high estrogen levels (long period of regular menstrual cycles, nulliparity (no children), and delay of the first pregnancy), possibly oral contraceptives, fibrocystic disease with atypical hyperplasia, radiation,lack of exercise, smoking, and a high-fat diet

118
Q

specific genes for breast cancer

A

BRCA1 and BRCA 2

119
Q

signs of breast cancer

A

a single small, painless nodule that is freely moveable in the early stages, dimpling of the skin, retraction of or discharge from the nipple, and a change in breast contour

120
Q

treatment for breast cancer

A

surgery (can be a lumpectomy or a mastectomy, and even lymph node removal), combined with chemo, radiation and hormone therapy; ovaries may also be removed

121
Q

chemo and radiation for breast cancer

A

are useful for eradicating any undetected micrometastases in a high-risk cancer

122
Q

diagnosis for breast cancer

A

self-examination, mammograms, MRI, ultrasound, and fine needle ductal biopsy

123
Q

carcinoma of the cervix testing

A

usually by a pap smear

124
Q

carcinoma of the cervix

A

occurs when the cervical epithelial tissue consist of dysplasia that usually occurs at the junction of columnar cells with the squamous cells

125
Q

steps of the development of carcinoma of the cervix

A

normal, mild dysplasia, severe dysplasia, malignant neoplasm, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma

126
Q

grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A

graded from I to III based on the amount of dysplasia and the degree of cell differentiation

127
Q

grade III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A

consists of carcinoma in situ in which many disorganized, undifferentiated, abnormal cells are present

128
Q

how long can carcinoma in situ last for cervical cancer?

A

10 years

129
Q

stage 0 of cervical carcinoma

A

is cancer in situ

130
Q

how does cervical carcinoma appear?

A

as a nodular mass or ulceration infiltrating the walls, and this spreads in all directions to adjacent tissues

131
Q

where does cervical carcinoma metastasis to?

A

the lymph nodes

132
Q

causes of cervical cancer

A

linked to STDs like herpes simplex type 2 and HPV strains 16, 18, 31, 34, or 45

133
Q

vaccines for cervical carcinoma

A

gardasil protects against HPV-6, 11, 16, and 18

134
Q

high-risk factors for cervical carcinoma

A

multiple sexual partners, promiscuous partners, sex during early teen years and history of STD, smoking also

135
Q

signs of cervical carcinoma

A

the invasive stage will show signs of bleeding, spotting, or a slight watery discharge, as well as anemia or weight loss

136
Q

treatment for cervical cancer

A

surgery combined with radiation

137
Q

carcinoma of the uterus

A

is derived from CT or muscle or the glandular epithelium and are termed leiomyosarcomas; prognosis is poor and occurs in women over 40

138
Q

where does uterine cancer metastasize to?

A

the lungs

139
Q

changes in the uterus during uterine cancer

A

the endometrial will hyperplasia and the cells become atypical over tim; the uterine wall may thicken or project into the cavity, eventually filling this in

140
Q

what cause hyperplasia in uterine cancer?

A

excessive estrogen stimulation

141
Q

first indicator of uterine cancer

A

vaginal bleeding and this is obvious because it occurs mainly in women after menopause

142
Q

stage I uterine cancer

A

tumors are confined to the body of the uterus

143
Q

stage II uterine cancer

A

cancer is limited to the uterus and the cervix

144
Q

stage III uterine cancer

A

the cancer has spread outside the uterus but remains within the true pelvis

145
Q

stage IV uterine cancer

A

the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes and distant organs

146
Q

causes of uterine cancer

A

increased estrogen levels, infertility, oral contraceptives, and those who are obese, have diabetes, and/or hypertension

147
Q

treatment for uterus cancer

A

surgery and radiation and chemo in the later stages

148
Q

chemo drugs used for uterine cancer

A

gemcitabine and cisplatin

149
Q

ovarian cancer

A

is considered a silent tumor and there are types serous, mucinous, and endometrioid

150
Q

causes of ovarian cancer

A

genetic factors, talc as a feminine hygiene product, and asbestos

151
Q

most common type of ovarian cancer

A

serous tumors

152
Q

signs of ovarian cancer

A

feeling of bloating and fullness, indigestion, frequent urination, backache, and pain with intercourse

153
Q

diagnostic testing for ovarian cancer

A

large mass during a pelvic exam, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and CA123 (a protein whose high levels indicate ovarian cancer)

154
Q

when is a couple considered to be infertile?

A

after a year of unprotected intercourse fails to produce a pregnancy

155
Q

male infertility problems

A

change in sperm, hormonal abnormalities, obstruction of the sperm pathway, and the presence of sperm antibodies

156
Q

decreased fertility causes

A

hormonal imbalances resulting from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries/tests, oral contraceptives, stress, increasing age, structural abnormalities (ex. uterine fibroids), obstructions, infections may burn out sperm producing cells, chemo, workplace toxins, vaingla pH, and smoking

157
Q

testing for infertility

A

first the women’s general health is investigated, then basal body temp, times of intercourse, and menstruation are recorded, followed by examination of physical abnormalities

158
Q

examination of physical abnormalities for infertility

A

pelvic examination, ultrasound, CT scans, or laproscopy

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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