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Anatomy and Phyisology > BIOL 1260: male reproduction > Flashcards

BIOL 1260: male reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

function of the testes

A

producing sperm and certain hormones

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2
Q

function of the ducts system

A

to transport and store sperm

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3
Q

4 ducts

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra

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4
Q

3 accessory sex glands

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

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5
Q

function of accessory sex glands

A

to create secretions and connect to the ducts

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6
Q

supporting structures

A

scrotum and penis

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7
Q

scrotum anatomy

A

consists of loose skin and an underlying subcutaneous tissue; is separated into lateral portions by the raphe and the scrotal septum

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8
Q

function of the scrotum

A

to protect the testes

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9
Q

scrotal spetum

A

separates the testes as each sac holds one of the two testes

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10
Q

dartos muscle

A

found in the scrotal septum

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11
Q

cremaster muscle

A

small bands of skeletal muscle that are extensions of the internal obliques; is contained within the spermatic cord

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12
Q

spermatic cord

A

contains vessels, nerves, muscles, and the vas deferens and is an extension of the peritoneum

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13
Q

sperm production temperature

A

should be 2 degrees lower than body temperature, therefore testis are held outside of the body

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14
Q

scrotum and temperature regulation

A

when it is cold, the cremaster muscle and the dartos muscle contract, pulling the testes closer to the body and vise versa when it is warm

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15
Q

muscles of the testis

A

cremaster muscle and dartos muscle

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16
Q

embryonic development of the testis

A

develop near the kidneys and descend into the scrotum through the inguinal canals near the 7th or 8th month of pregnancy

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17
Q

outside layer of the testis

A

the tunica vaginalis

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18
Q

the tunica vaginalis

A

is a serous membrane derived from the peritoneum and has two layers (visceral and parietal layers)

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19
Q

tunica albuginea

A

is a white fibrous capsule that consists of dense irregular CT and projects inwards to divide the internal parts of the tests into lobules; is deep to the tunica vaginalis

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20
Q

what are deep to the tunica albuginea?

A

the seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

where is sperm produced?

A

the seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

two cells that make up the seminiferous tubules

A

the spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells

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23
Q

another name for sustentacular cells

A

sertoli cells

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24
Q

spermatogenic cells deeper in the testis

A

are in more developed stages

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25
Q

stem cells for sperm

A

spermatogonia

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26
Q

where do spermatogonia come from?

A

the primordial germ cells from the yolk sac

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27
Q

order of development for spermatogenesis

A

PGCs, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatid and sperm cells

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28
Q

sustentacular cells location

A

fill in the spaces between the sperm cells and connect to one another via tight junctions; are found in the seminiferous tubules

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29
Q

blood-testis barrier

A

is created by the sustentacular cells and isolate sperm from the blood

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30
Q

why does sperm need to be isolated from the blood?

A

because the body recognizes sperm as foreign thus the immune system will attack

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31
Q

sustentacular cell functions (7)

A

establish the blood-testis barrier, nourish the spermatocytes, phagocyte excess spermatid cytoplasm during development, control the release of sperm into the tubules, produce a fluid for sperm transport, secrete inhibin, and regulate the effects of testosterone and FSH

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32
Q

interstitial cells other name

A

leydig cells

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33
Q

interstitial cells location

A

found in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules and are often found in clusters

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34
Q

function of interstitial cells

A

produce testerone

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35
Q

function of testerone

A

is responsible for the male sex drive and male sex characteristics

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36
Q

where and what does spermatogenesis begin with?

A

in the yolk sac by the primordial germ cells that migrate to the testis

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37
Q

spermatogonia

A

male gametes and these are sperm stem cells and are diploid

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38
Q

seminal vesicles location

A

close to the ampulla of the vas deferens and sit on top of the prostate, at the base of the bladder, and anterior to the rectum

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39
Q

seminal vesicles secretions

A

fructose, prostaglandins, clotting proteins, and alkaline secretions

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40
Q

function of fructose from seminal vesicle secretion

A

is used for ATP production

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41
Q

function of prostaglandins from seminal vesicle secretions

A

contribute to sperm motility and smooth muscle in the female reproductive tract (to move the sperm up)

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42
Q

function of clotting proteins in seminal vesicle secretion

A

is not fully understood but they clot within 5 minutes of ejaculation and these are different than normal blood clotting proteins

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43
Q

function of alkaline secretions in semen

A

protects from the acidic urethra and female tract, and functions to neutralize these areas

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44
Q

how much of semen do seminal vesicles make up?

A

60%

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45
Q

prostate location

A

surrounds the prostatic urethra and is inferior to the bladder

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46
Q

prostate secretions

A

citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, and seminalplasmin

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47
Q

function of citric acid in prostate secretions

A

is an energy source for sperm ATP

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48
Q

proteolytic enzymes function in prostate secretions

A

includes pepsingone, lysozyme, amylase, hyaluronidase, and prostate specific antigen, and these all function to break down the clotting factors from the seminal vesicles but have a delayed effect

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49
Q

seminalplasmin function in prostate secretions

A

is an antibiotics that destroys bacteria and vaginal flora

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50
Q

where do prostatic secretions drain into?

A

the prostatic urethra

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51
Q

how much of semen do prostate secretions make?

52
Q

bulbourethral glands other name

A

cowper’s glands

53
Q

bulbourethral glands location

A

on either side of the membranous urethra and below the prostate

54
Q

where do the bulbourethral glands drain into?

A

the membranous urethra

55
Q

bulbourethral glands secretions

A

alkaline fluid and mucus

56
Q

function of mucus from bulbourethral glands secretions

A

lubricates the urethral lumen and the end of the penis during intercourse

57
Q

how many sperm per mL of semen?

A

50-150 million

58
Q

what is the cutoff rate for male infertility?

A

less than 20 million sperm/mL

59
Q

characteristics of semen

A

alkaline, sticky (due to fructose), and milky (due to prostatic secretions)

60
Q

how much semen per ejaculation?

61
Q

capacitation

A

is a process that occurs in the uterus or uterine tubes in which sperm are affected by these secretions

62
Q

purpose of seminal fluid

A

to provide a transport medium for sperm, to provide nutrients for sperm to survive outside of the body, and to provide chemical protection from the urethra and acidic female tract

63
Q

how are sperm ejected from the seminiferous tubules?

A

by pressure created by the sustentacular cells

64
Q

where is sperm made?

A

in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

65
Q

what do the seminiferous tubules feed into?

A

the straight tubules?

66
Q

what do the straight tubules feed into?

A

the rete testis

67
Q

what do the rete testis feed into?

A

the efferent duct

68
Q

what do the efferent ducts feed into?

A

the ductus epididymis

69
Q

order of ducts starting at the seminiferous tubules

A

seminiferous tubules > straight tubules > rete testis > efferent ducts > ductus epididymis

70
Q

epididymis location

A

is a comma shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of each testis and is about 6 cm long

71
Q

3 regions of the epididymis

A

the head, the body, and the tail

72
Q

anatomy of the ductus epididymis

A

is pseudostratified columnar epithelium; apical surfaces are lined with stereocilia; it is encircled by layers of smooth muscle, and has CT surrounding this layer that contains vessels and nerves

73
Q

sterocilli

A

are microvilli not cilia and are actin based structures; these increase the surface area for reabsorption and degeneration of sperm

74
Q

functions of the ductus epididymis (4)

A

site of sperm maturation, helps to propel to sperm into ductus deferens during arousal due to smooth muscle peristalsis, keeps sperm alive, and reabsorbs non-ejaculated stored sperm

75
Q

ductus deferens location

A

lies on the posterior border of the epididymis and passes through the spermatic cord, loops over the ureter and passes through the posterior surface of the bladder

76
Q

length of ductus deferens

77
Q

ampulla of ductus deferens

A

is the terminal and thicker end

78
Q

anatomy of the ductus deferens

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, surrounded by a lamina propria, 3 layers of smooth muscle (inner long, middle circular, outer long), and an adventitia

79
Q

functions of the ductus deferens (3)

A

convery sperm during sexual arousal from the epididymis to the urethra via peristalsis, stores sperm, and absorbed unused sperm

80
Q

where does the spermatic cord pass through?

A

the inguinal canal

81
Q

the inguinal canal

A

is an oblique passageway in the anterior part of the abdominal all that is superior and parallel to the inguinal ligament

82
Q

where does the inguinal canal originate?

A

at the deep inguinal ring

83
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

is the merging point between the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens that is located superior to the base of the prostate; this then delivers to the urethra

84
Q

male urethra

A

is a passageway for sperm and urine and passes through the deep muscles of the perineum and the penis

85
Q

3 parts of the male urethra

A

prostatic, intermediate, and spongy

86
Q

prostatic urethra

A

is 2-3 long and passes through the prostate

87
Q

intermediate urethra

A

is 1 cm long and passes through the deep muscles of the perineum

88
Q

spongy urethra

A

is 15-20 cm long and passes through the corpus spongiosum of the penis and terminates at the external urethral orifice

89
Q

head of the sperm

A

contains the acrosome and the nucleus

90
Q

acrosome

A

is the head of the sperm and contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an oocyte during fertilization

91
Q

enzymes found in the acrosome

A

hyaluronidase and protease

92
Q

tail of the sperm four parts

A

neck, middle piece, principal piece, and end piece

93
Q

neck of the sperm tail

A

contains the structures needed to start building the flagella

94
Q

middle piece of the sperm tail

A

is where the mitochondria and found and this ATP helps to make the flagella ‘swim’

95
Q

principal piece of the sperm tail

A

the longest part and is the flagella and its surrounding membrane

96
Q

end piece of the sperm tail

A

the terminal part where the tail tappers off

97
Q

how many sperm does a man produce a day

A

300 million

98
Q

how long can sperm live for outside of the body?

99
Q

when is GnRH secreted?

A

beginning at puberty

100
Q

effect of GnRH

A

released from the hypothalamus and goes to the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

101
Q

FSH function

A

activates the sustentacular cells, which work with testosterone to make androgen binding hormone

102
Q

LH function

A

stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone due to the accumulation of cholesterol in the testes

103
Q

negative feedback loop of testerone

A

when there are high levels of testerone, this will inhibit LH production and GnRH production (decreased LH will decrease testosterone production from the interstitial cells); inhibin is also released from the sustentacular cells and inhibits FSH release

104
Q

where is inhibin released from?

A

the sustentacular cells

105
Q

similar hormone to testosterone

A

dihydrotestosterone; there is an enzyme that will convert between these two and these both bind to the same cytoplasmic receptors

106
Q

function of testosterone or dihydrotesterone inside the cell

A

these causes transcription of the genes of the cells

107
Q

testerone before birth

A

will stimulate the male reproductive ducts and the descent of the testis

108
Q

dihydrotesterone before birth

A

will stimulate the development of the external genitals

109
Q

testosterone and estrogen

A

testerone will be converted into estrogen in the brain and this functions for development of certain brain regions

110
Q

testosterone at puberty

A

will contribute to the enlargement of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics, as well as sex drive

111
Q

male secondary sex characteristics

A

broader shoulders (due to the stimulation of anabolism and protein synthesis), thicker skin, increased sebaceous gland activity, more hair, and deeper voice

112
Q

female androgens

A

are produced in the adrenal cortex

113
Q

spermatogenesis

A

is the whole process of creating sperm

114
Q

spermiogenesis

A

is a small subset of changes that happens at the end when the spermatids develop into sperm cells

115
Q

spermination

A

is the subset of spermatogenesis in which the newly formed sperm cells detach from one another and are free

116
Q

what do spermatogonia produce?

A

2 diploid spermatogonia in which one stays nears the basement membrane and remains undifferentiated and one that breaks off to make it near the tubule, and this will form a primary spermatocyte

117
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

is formed from mitosis of a spermatogonia and is diploid; this will undergo meiosis I to form a secondary spermatocyte

118
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

are haploid and formed by meiosis I of primary spermatocytes; these will then undergo meiosis II

119
Q

result of meiosis II

A

4 haploid cells called spermatids that are connected by bridges called cytoplasmic bridges

120
Q

cytoplasmic bridges

A

connect sperm in various stages of development and function to allow the sperm production to be synchronized as only half of the cells have the X chromosome

121
Q

hydrocele

A

is the serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis layer that develops between the two layers of this structure; this can accumulate during injuries

122
Q

lobules

A

are formed by inward extensions of the tunica albuginea and each lobule houses a system of seminiferous tubules

123
Q

how do interstitial cells produce testosterone?

A

via an accumulation of cholesterol in the testes

124
Q

function of androgen binding hormone

A

binds to testosterone to keep these levels as high as possible; these high levels allow spermatogenesis to finish

125
Q

where does androgen binding hormone accumulate?

A

in the seminiferous tubules

126
Q

what does inhibin mainly act of?

A

FSH release from the anterior pituitary

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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