Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Phyisology > BIOL 1260: male reproduction > Flashcards

BIOL 1260: male reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

function of the testes

A

producing sperm and certain hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

function of the ducts system

A

to transport and store sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 ducts

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 accessory sex glands

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

function of accessory sex glands

A

to create secretions and connect to the ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

supporting structures

A

scrotum and penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

scrotum anatomy

A

consists of loose skin and an underlying subcutaneous tissue; is separated into lateral portions by the raphe and the scrotal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

function of the scrotum

A

to protect the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

scrotal spetum

A

separates the testes as each sac holds one of the two testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

dartos muscle

A

found in the scrotal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cremaster muscle

A

small bands of skeletal muscle that are extensions of the internal obliques; is contained within the spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

spermatic cord

A

contains vessels, nerves, muscles, and the vas deferens and is an extension of the peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sperm production temperature

A

should be 2 degrees lower than body temperature, therefore testis are held outside of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

scrotum and temperature regulation

A

when it is cold, the cremaster muscle and the dartos muscle contract, pulling the testes closer to the body and vise versa when it is warm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

muscles of the testis

A

cremaster muscle and dartos muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

embryonic development of the testis

A

develop near the kidneys and descend into the scrotum through the inguinal canals near the 7th or 8th month of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

outside layer of the testis

A

the tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the tunica vaginalis

A

is a serous membrane derived from the peritoneum and has two layers (visceral and parietal layers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tunica albuginea

A

is a white fibrous capsule that consists of dense irregular CT and projects inwards to divide the internal parts of the tests into lobules; is deep to the tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are deep to the tunica albuginea?

A

the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is sperm produced?

A

the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

two cells that make up the seminiferous tubules

A

the spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

another name for sustentacular cells

A

sertoli cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

spermatogenic cells deeper in the testis

A

are in more developed stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stem cells for sperm

A

spermatogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where do spermatogonia come from?

A

the primordial germ cells from the yolk sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

order of development for spermatogenesis

A

PGCs, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatid and sperm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

sustentacular cells location

A

fill in the spaces between the sperm cells and connect to one another via tight junctions; are found in the seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

blood-testis barrier

A

is created by the sustentacular cells and isolate sperm from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

why does sperm need to be isolated from the blood?

A

because the body recognizes sperm as foreign thus the immune system will attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

sustentacular cell functions (7)

A

establish the blood-testis barrier, nourish the spermatocytes, phagocyte excess spermatid cytoplasm during development, control the release of sperm into the tubules, produce a fluid for sperm transport, secrete inhibin, and regulate the effects of testosterone and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

interstitial cells other name

A

leydig cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

interstitial cells location

A

found in the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules and are often found in clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

function of interstitial cells

A

produce testerone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

function of testerone

A

is responsible for the male sex drive and male sex characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where and what does spermatogenesis begin with?

A

in the yolk sac by the primordial germ cells that migrate to the testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

spermatogonia

A

male gametes and these are sperm stem cells and are diploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

seminal vesicles location

A

close to the ampulla of the vas deferens and sit on top of the prostate, at the base of the bladder, and anterior to the rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

seminal vesicles secretions

A

fructose, prostaglandins, clotting proteins, and alkaline secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

function of fructose from seminal vesicle secretion

A

is used for ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

function of prostaglandins from seminal vesicle secretions

A

contribute to sperm motility and smooth muscle in the female reproductive tract (to move the sperm up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

function of clotting proteins in seminal vesicle secretion

A

is not fully understood but they clot within 5 minutes of ejaculation and these are different than normal blood clotting proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

function of alkaline secretions in semen

A

protects from the acidic urethra and female tract, and functions to neutralize these areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how much of semen do seminal vesicles make up?

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

prostate location

A

surrounds the prostatic urethra and is inferior to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

prostate secretions

A

citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase, and seminalplasmin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

function of citric acid in prostate secretions

A

is an energy source for sperm ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

proteolytic enzymes function in prostate secretions

A

includes pepsingone, lysozyme, amylase, hyaluronidase, and prostate specific antigen, and these all function to break down the clotting factors from the seminal vesicles but have a delayed effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

seminalplasmin function in prostate secretions

A

is an antibiotics that destroys bacteria and vaginal flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where do prostatic secretions drain into?

A

the prostatic urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

how much of semen do prostate secretions make?

A

about 25%

52
Q

bulbourethral glands other name

A

cowper’s glands

53
Q

bulbourethral glands location

A

on either side of the membranous urethra and below the prostate

54
Q

where do the bulbourethral glands drain into?

A

the membranous urethra

55
Q

bulbourethral glands secretions

A

alkaline fluid and mucus

56
Q

function of mucus from bulbourethral glands secretions

A

lubricates the urethral lumen and the end of the penis during intercourse

57
Q

how many sperm per mL of semen?

A

50-150 million

58
Q

what is the cutoff rate for male infertility?

A

less than 20 million sperm/mL

59
Q

characteristics of semen

A

alkaline, sticky (due to fructose), and milky (due to prostatic secretions)

60
Q

how much semen per ejaculation?

A

2-5 mL

61
Q

capacitation

A

is a process that occurs in the uterus or uterine tubes in which sperm are affected by these secretions

62
Q

purpose of seminal fluid

A

to provide a transport medium for sperm, to provide nutrients for sperm to survive outside of the body, and to provide chemical protection from the urethra and acidic female tract

63
Q

how are sperm ejected from the seminiferous tubules?

A

by pressure created by the sustentacular cells

64
Q

where is sperm made?

A

in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

65
Q

what do the seminiferous tubules feed into?

A

the straight tubules?

66
Q

what do the straight tubules feed into?

A

the rete testis

67
Q

what do the rete testis feed into?

A

the efferent duct

68
Q

what do the efferent ducts feed into?

A

the ductus epididymis

69
Q

order of ducts starting at the seminiferous tubules

A

seminiferous tubules > straight tubules > rete testis > efferent ducts > ductus epididymis

70
Q

epididymis location

A

is a comma shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of each testis and is about 6 cm long

71
Q

3 regions of the epididymis

A

the head, the body, and the tail

72
Q

anatomy of the ductus epididymis

A

is pseudostratified columnar epithelium; apical surfaces are lined with stereocilia; it is encircled by layers of smooth muscle, and has CT surrounding this layer that contains vessels and nerves

73
Q

sterocilli

A

are microvilli not cilia and are actin based structures; these increase the surface area for reabsorption and degeneration of sperm

74
Q

functions of the ductus epididymis (4)

A

site of sperm maturation, helps to propel to sperm into ductus deferens during arousal due to smooth muscle peristalsis, keeps sperm alive, and reabsorbs non-ejaculated stored sperm

75
Q

ductus deferens location

A

lies on the posterior border of the epididymis and passes through the spermatic cord, loops over the ureter and passes through the posterior surface of the bladder

76
Q

length of ductus deferens

A

45 cm

77
Q

ampulla of ductus deferens

A

is the terminal and thicker end

78
Q

anatomy of the ductus deferens

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium, surrounded by a lamina propria, 3 layers of smooth muscle (inner long, middle circular, outer long), and an adventitia

79
Q

functions of the ductus deferens (3)

A

convery sperm during sexual arousal from the epididymis to the urethra via peristalsis, stores sperm, and absorbed unused sperm

80
Q

where does the spermatic cord pass through?

A

the inguinal canal

81
Q

the inguinal canal

A

is an oblique passageway in the anterior part of the abdominal all that is superior and parallel to the inguinal ligament

82
Q

where does the inguinal canal originate?

A

at the deep inguinal ring

83
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

is the merging point between the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the vas deferens that is located superior to the base of the prostate; this then delivers to the urethra

84
Q

male urethra

A

is a passageway for sperm and urine and passes through the deep muscles of the perineum and the penis

85
Q

3 parts of the male urethra

A

prostatic, intermediate, and spongy

86
Q

prostatic urethra

A

is 2-3 long and passes through the prostate

87
Q

intermediate urethra

A

is 1 cm long and passes through the deep muscles of the perineum

88
Q

spongy urethra

A

is 15-20 cm long and passes through the corpus spongiosum of the penis and terminates at the external urethral orifice

89
Q

head of the sperm

A

contains the acrosome and the nucleus

90
Q

acrosome

A

is the head of the sperm and contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an oocyte during fertilization

91
Q

enzymes found in the acrosome

A

hyaluronidase and protease

92
Q

tail of the sperm four parts

A

neck, middle piece, principal piece, and end piece

93
Q

neck of the sperm tail

A

contains the structures needed to start building the flagella

94
Q

middle piece of the sperm tail

A

is where the mitochondria and found and this ATP helps to make the flagella ‘swim’

95
Q

principal piece of the sperm tail

A

the longest part and is the flagella and its surrounding membrane

96
Q

end piece of the sperm tail

A

the terminal part where the tail tappers off

97
Q

how many sperm does a man produce a day

A

300 million

98
Q

how long can sperm live for outside of the body?

A

48 hours

99
Q

when is GnRH secreted?

A

beginning at puberty

100
Q

effect of GnRH

A

released from the hypothalamus and goes to the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

101
Q

FSH function

A

activates the sustentacular cells, which work with testosterone to make androgen binding hormone

102
Q

LH function

A

stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone due to the accumulation of cholesterol in the testes

103
Q

negative feedback loop of testerone

A

when there are high levels of testerone, this will inhibit LH production and GnRH production (decreased LH will decrease testosterone production from the interstitial cells); inhibin is also released from the sustentacular cells and inhibits FSH release

104
Q

where is inhibin released from?

A

the sustentacular cells

105
Q

similar hormone to testosterone

A

dihydrotestosterone; there is an enzyme that will convert between these two and these both bind to the same cytoplasmic receptors

106
Q

function of testosterone or dihydrotesterone inside the cell

A

these causes transcription of the genes of the cells

107
Q

testerone before birth

A

will stimulate the male reproductive ducts and the descent of the testis

108
Q

dihydrotesterone before birth

A

will stimulate the development of the external genitals

109
Q

testosterone and estrogen

A

testerone will be converted into estrogen in the brain and this functions for development of certain brain regions

110
Q

testosterone at puberty

A

will contribute to the enlargement of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics, as well as sex drive

111
Q

male secondary sex characteristics

A

broader shoulders (due to the stimulation of anabolism and protein synthesis), thicker skin, increased sebaceous gland activity, more hair, and deeper voice

112
Q

female androgens

A

are produced in the adrenal cortex

113
Q

spermatogenesis

A

is the whole process of creating sperm

114
Q

spermiogenesis

A

is a small subset of changes that happens at the end when the spermatids develop into sperm cells

115
Q

spermination

A

is the subset of spermatogenesis in which the newly formed sperm cells detach from one another and are free

116
Q

what do spermatogonia produce?

A

2 diploid spermatogonia in which one stays nears the basement membrane and remains undifferentiated and one that breaks off to make it near the tubule, and this will form a primary spermatocyte

117
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

is formed from mitosis of a spermatogonia and is diploid; this will undergo meiosis I to form a secondary spermatocyte

118
Q

secondary spermatocyte

A

are haploid and formed by meiosis I of primary spermatocytes; these will then undergo meiosis II

119
Q

result of meiosis II

A

4 haploid cells called spermatids that are connected by bridges called cytoplasmic bridges

120
Q

cytoplasmic bridges

A

connect sperm in various stages of development and function to allow the sperm production to be synchronized as only half of the cells have the X chromosome

121
Q

hydrocele

A

is the serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis layer that develops between the two layers of this structure; this can accumulate during injuries

122
Q

lobules

A

are formed by inward extensions of the tunica albuginea and each lobule houses a system of seminiferous tubules

123
Q

how do interstitial cells produce testosterone?

A

via an accumulation of cholesterol in the testes

124
Q

function of androgen binding hormone

A

binds to testosterone to keep these levels as high as possible; these high levels allow spermatogenesis to finish

125
Q

where does androgen binding hormone accumulate?

A

in the seminiferous tubules

126
Q

what does inhibin mainly act of?

A

FSH release from the anterior pituitary

127
Q
A

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions