HLTH puberty aging and pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

linear growth in males vs females

A

happens earlier is females but longer in males due to delayed epiphyseal closure in males

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2
Q

stages of growth in adolescents

A

first linear growth, then secondary sex characteristics, then increase in skeletal muscle

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3
Q

how does the heart change with puberty?

A

blood pressure increases and so do the strength of cardiac contractions, however, pulse pressure decreases

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4
Q

complications of obesity in adolescents

A

diabetes, heart problems (high BP), and joint damage; also a risk of stroke in later life

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4
Q

obesity vs overweight

A

obesity refers to an excess of fat, muscle, bone, or water whereas obesity is only fat

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5
Q

3 factors of metabolic syndrome

A

an increase in adipose tissue, changes in glucose metabolism, and changes in lipoprotein metabolism

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6
Q

underlying cause of metabolic syndrome

A

is due to obesity and causes the release of insulin antagonists by adipose tissue

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7
Q

causes of kyphosis in teens

A

poor posture, being taller than peers, and insecure of breasts

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8
Q

structural scoliosis

A

primary spinal deformity in while 80% of cases are idiopathic and is often genetic, affecting females more

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9
Q

functional scoliosis

A

is related to other secondary problems such as unequal leg growth or spinal nerve compression

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10
Q

causes of osteomyelitis

A

often due to a fracture but can also be soft-tissue injury, bruise or sprain that leaves the area susceptible to microorganisms from another site like a boil, sinusitis, or abscess; sickle cell anemia also increases the risk

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11
Q

most common causative agent of osteomyelitis

A

s aureus

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12
Q

most common infection site of osteomyelitis

A

the metaphysis

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13
Q

pathophysiology of osteomyelitis

A

pus develops and destroys the bone and creates pressure; new bone grows around infected area; the pus may tear through the bone, creating a sinus that allows the infection to spread to other tissues, often the joints

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14
Q

still disease

A

type of JRA characterized by skin rash, spleen enlargement, and high fever

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15
Q

what antibodies are present in JRA?

A

antinuclear antibodies

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16
Q

treatment for JRA

A

NSAIDs and glucocorticoids

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17
Q

emaciated meaning

A

thin and wasted (anorexia nervosa)

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18
Q

signs of anorexia nervosa

A

the person appears emaciated, amenorrhea, cold intolerance, low BP, brittle nails, fine body hair, dry skin, and possibly osteoporosis

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19
Q

complications of bulimia

A

electrolyte imbalances, erosion of tooth enamel, dental caries, enlarged salivary glands, ulcers and tears in the oral mucosa, and chronic esophagitis

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20
Q

comedones

A

whiteheads or blackheads which are non inflammatory collections of sebum, epithelial cells, and bacteria that clog the sebaceous gland

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21
Q

inflammatory acne

A

hair follicles swell and rupture and an opportunistic bacteria break down the sebum into irritating fatty acids, resulting in inflammation; then staphylococcal invade and create a pustule

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22
Q

treatment for acne

A

peeling agents like benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, and isotretinoin and antibacterial agents like tetracycline

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23
Q

what cells does mono affect?

A

B lymphocytes

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24
Q

signs of mono

A

sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, rash on the body, swollen lymph nodes, and an increase in monocytes and lymphocytes in the blood

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25
Q

complications of mono

A

ruptured spleen, hepatitis, or meningitis

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26
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

affects males due to the presence of an additional X chromosome; hence XXY instead of XY

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27
Q

signs of klinefelter syndrome

A

mental retardation is common, small testes, sperm are not produced, and no secondary sex characteristics are present

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28
Q

turner syndrome

A

affects females due to a missing X chromosome

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29
Q

signs of turner syndrome

A

growth is retarded, no secondary sex characteristics, menstruation does not occur, and the heart may be affected

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30
Q

primary amenorrhea

A

is delayed menstruation or no period after age 17 which is usually caused by an abnormality in the genitals or damage in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus

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31
Q

causes of primary amenorrhea

A

competitive sports, thyroid disorders, or diabetes

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32
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

refers to discomfort during menstruation

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33
Q

gonadotropins

A

FSH and LH

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34
Q

what produces sex hormones at all stages of life in small quantities?

A

the adrenal cortex

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35
Q

why do teens have a decreased exercise tolerance?

A

due to the heart and lungs being fully developed but the muscles are not yet

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36
Q

why are skeletal abnormalities common in teens?

A

because muscular development lags behind skeletal development

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37
Q

complication of kyphosis

A

can interfere with lung expansion

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38
Q

degenerative scolosis

A

develops due to conditions like osteoporosis or osteoarthritis

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39
Q

secondary dysmenorrhea

A

is related to infections

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40
Q

embryonic stage meaning

A

is the stage from 3-8 weeks

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41
Q

when does the embryo heart start beating?

A

4 weeks

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42
Q

2 examples of viruses causing damage to the fetus during pregnancy?

A

rubella and erythema infectiosum

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43
Q

effects of erythema infectiosum on the fetus

A

causes severe anemia

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44
Q

effects of cigarette smoking in the fetus

A

low birthweight and increased irritability; tobacco also increases the risk of placenta previa and abruptio placentae

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45
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome signs

A

intellectual impairment, typical facies, and growth retardation

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46
Q

what can increased folic acid decrease the risks of?

A

spina bifida and anencephaly

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47
Q

when is the term fetus used?

A

after 8 weeks

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48
Q

effects of teratogens after 8 weeks?

A

have less effects on organs but still can severely impact neurological function

49
Q

what is human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by?

A

the chronionic villi

50
Q

positive/ absolute signs of pregnancy

A

detection of a fetal heartbeat, fetal movement detected by someone other than the mother, and visualization of the fetus with an ultrasound

51
Q

auscultation

A

refers to listening to a heartbeat with a stethoscope

52
Q

gestation meaning

A

refers to the amount of time since the first day of the last period

53
Q

gravity meaning

A

refers to the number of pregnancies a woman has had

54
Q

parity

A

refers to the number of pregnancies a woman has had past 22 weeks

55
Q

primigravida meaning

A

refers to a women who is pregnant for the first time

56
Q

amniocentesis

A

refers to a small withdrawal of amniotic fluid and some sloughed fetal cells from the uterus after 14 weeks and is recommended when there are signs of abnormality

57
Q

chorionic villus sampling

A

can be done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis

58
Q

thyroid and pregnancy

A

thyroxine secretions increase throughout pregnancy and the gland undergoes hyperplasia

59
Q

how does the uterus change with pregnancy?

A

it will hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and fibrous tissue will increase; the number of blood vessels will also increase

60
Q

goodwell sign

A

refers to softening of the tissues of the cervix and vagina during pregnancy

61
Q

chadwick sign

A

refers to a deeper, purple colour of the mucosa in the cervix and vagina during pregnancy

62
Q

how do the secretions of the cervix and vagina change during pregnancy?

A

secretions become thicker, more acidic, and higher in glycogen content

63
Q

average weight gain during pregnancy

A

25 to 30 lbs

64
Q

where does extra weight come from during pregnancy?

A

the baby, the placenta, the amniotic fluid, the breasts, the blood supply, the enlarged uterus, and extra fat

65
Q

what ion does the fetus store towards the end of pregnancy?

66
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum

A

refers to severe vomiting during pregnancy

67
Q

how does the digestive system change with pregnancy?

A

nausea and vomiting are common, along with bloating, constipation, heartburn, and a discomfort for certain foods

68
Q

progesterone effect on the cardiovascular system

A

decreases vascular resistance by relaxing smooth muscle

69
Q

how does the cardiovascular system change during pregnancy?

A

blood pressure and volume increase, HR increases, and vascular resistance increases; this increases the need for iron by the mother

70
Q

secondary complications due to cardiovascular changes during pregnancy?

A

edema and congestion, varicose veins, nasal congestion, gingivitis, risk of emboli, and compression of the inferior vena cava when lying supine

71
Q

best position for a pregnant women to lie in?

A

on her left side

72
Q

what increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

73
Q

complications of an ectopic pregnancy

A

the tube may burst, leading to peritonitis and hemorrhage

74
Q

pregnancy-induced hypertension

A

refers to a state of > 140/90 mm Hg that develops after 20 weeks

75
Q

complications of pregnancy-induced hypertension

A

may damage vessels in the kidneys and eye, stroke, heart failure, and premature degeneration of the placenta

76
Q

preeclampsia and eclampsia

A

are more serious conditions of higher pregnancy-induced hypertension that cause kidney dysfunction, weight gain, edema, and possibly HELLP

77
Q

HELLP

A

refers to Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets and can be a result of pregnancy-induced hypertension and can progress to coagulation disorders like disseminated intravascular coagulation

78
Q

risk of a child born to a gestational diabetic mother

A

larger in size, stillborn, and risk for developing diabetes themselves

79
Q

placenta previa

A

is a condition when the placenta is implanted in the lower cervix or cervical os, which increases the risk for placenta tearing which is painless

80
Q

abruptio placentae

A

refers to premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, resulting in dark red bleeding and abdominal discomfort

81
Q

thromboembolisms

A

aka blood clots and these are common after childbirth and usually develop in the deep leg veins or pelvis; these form due to stasis of the blood and increased coagulability

82
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

is often a secondary problem due to abruptio placentae and preeclampsia; this leads to increase in activation of clotting factors, resulting in both clots and hemorrhage

83
Q

effects of hemolytic disease in the fetus

A

severe anemia, low hemoglobin, jaundice, and potential neurological damage

84
Q

puerperal infection

A

is an infection of the reproductive tract anytime during the 6 weeks after birth; can be due to natural vagina flora or external microorgansisms

85
Q

risks for developing puerperal infection

A

endometriosis, cervical lacerations, or episiotomy repairs

86
Q

signs of puerperal infection

A

fever, vomiting, lower abdominal pain, and foul smelling discharge

87
Q

pelvic cellulitis

A

refers to infection of the CT or broad ligament of the pelvis following puerperal infection

88
Q

gestation period

A

refers to the time period between the first day of the last period and birth

89
Q

what hormone causes changes in the uterus during pregnancy?

90
Q

senescence

A

refers to the period of old age to death

91
Q

how does exercise slow aging?

A

increased CO improves nutrition and oxygen to tissues

92
Q

what tissues cannot regenerate?

A

the myocardium and the brain

93
Q

telomeres

A

shorten with each mitotic divison, and as these shorten, the signs of aging become more apparent

94
Q

free radicals

A

are reactive proteins released during cell metabolism that damage nucleic acids and cells

95
Q

how do tissues change with aging?

A

cells assume less regular arrangement, elastic fibres decrease, collagen cross fibres increase, and mitosis gradually slows, reducing tissue repair

96
Q

why do hormones decrease with aging?

A

hormone secretions remain constant but receptors decrease

97
Q

why does menopause occur?

A

the ovaries no longer respond to FSH and LH, ceasing ovulation

98
Q

how does the female reproductive tract change with menopause?

A

the mucosa thins, elasticity is lost, there are decreased secretions, pH increases, breast volume decreases

99
Q

how does the male reproductive tract change with aging?

A

testes shrink, sperm production decreases, glandular secretions decrease, and benign prostate hypertrophy often occurs (this obstructs the urethra)

100
Q

how does the skin and mucosa change with aging?

A

skin and mucous membranes become thin and fragile, dermis is thinner, subQ tissue diminishes, there are fewer capillaries, glands atrophy, elastic fibres decrease, collagen becomes less flexible, and skin tags and keratoses are more common

101
Q

how does the heart change with aging?

A

fatty tissues and collagen accumulate and this interferes with impulse conduction and contraction; number of myocardium cells decreases, left ventricle becomes smaller, and heart valves often thicken

102
Q

how do the vessels change with aging?

A

arteries may thicken and narrow due to loss of elasticity and accumulation of collagen; atheromas may also develop, furthering narrowing the vessel and causing high BP, as well as an increased risk for thrombi

103
Q

what fractures are common due to osteoporosis?

A

those in the spine, pelvis, and limbs

104
Q

why are herniated discs common in older people?

A

due to degeneration of the fibrocartilage along with sudden stress on the spine

105
Q

why is respiration impaired due to aging?

A

elasticity in the lungs decreases, the costal cartilage calcifies, skeletal muscle weakens and atrophies, and any skeletal changes will reduce thoracic movement

106
Q

what are the effects of reduced respiration due to aging?

A

decreased expiration, increased residual volume, risk of infections increased, coughing is reduced, and reduced oxygen efficiency

107
Q

degenerative changes in the brain due to aging?

A

lipid accumulation in neurons, loss of myelin, development of neurofibrils and plaques, and decreased response to neurotransmitters

108
Q

changes in the eye due to aging

A

iris and its muscles degenerate, restricting pupil adjustments, aqueous humor flow is obstructed while can lead to glaucoma, the lens becomes yellow and less transparent, as well as larger and less elastic, and the retina degenerates

109
Q

changes in the ear due to aging

A

nerve receptors cell in the cochlea and those supplying the ear degenerate, causing difficulty hearing

110
Q

how is taste affected due to aging?

A

reduced salivary secretions and decreased perception within the CNS

111
Q

how does the digestive system change with aging?

A

salivary secretions decrease, the mucosa of the oral cavity thins, loss of teeth may occur due to periodontal disease, swallowing difficulties due to neurological damage or scar tissue, basal metabolic rate decreases, constipation, decreased gastric secretions, and peptic ulcers are all common

112
Q

how is kidney function reduced with aging?

A

the number of glomeruli decrease and tubules degenerate, the ability to adapt to pH changes reduces, and reduced control over the bladder due to weakened muscles (this leads to decreased emptying and incontinence)

113
Q

why are infections common during aging?

A

reduced blood circulation, delayed healing, and reduced production of lymphocytes

114
Q

what hormone secretion structures remain normal during aging?

A

the pancreas, the pituitary, the thyroid, the parathyroids, and adrenals

115
Q

dyspareunia

A

refers to pain during intercourse

116
Q

lentigines

A

are dark and flat macules often present on the face and hands and are associated with aging

117
Q

organic brain syndrome

A

includes senile dementia and alzheimer’s and is characterized by plaques and neurofibrils

118
Q

presbyopia

A

is an eye condition resulting from a thicker and less elastic lens