HLTH 2501: review of the endocrine system Flashcards
major endocrine glands
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, two adrenal glands, the thyroid gland, four parathyroid glands, and parts of the pancreas, gonads, and the thymus
endocrine glands
secrete hormones directly into the blood
exocrine glands
secrete into a duct, such as mucus, serous glands, or pancreatic duct
hormones and classification
are chemicals messengers and are classified by action, source, or chemical structure
what hormones affect blood glucose levels
insulin, glucagen, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone
two chemical structures of hormones
steroids and non steroids
steroids
lipids that enter the cell and nucleus and act directly in the nucleus to engage in transcription (mRNA)
non steroids
hormones that need a second messenger system to finally activate the formation of mRNA
what happens once a hormone arrives at a target cell?
acts on specific receptors, then are metabolized or inactivated by the target tissues or the liver and excreted by the kidneys
hypothalamic releasing hormones
send stimuli to anterior pituitary to release specific hormones
hypothalamic inhibiting hormones
decrease release of specific hormone by anterior pituitary
growth hormone
released by the adenohypophysis and stimulates protein synthesis
adrenocorticotropic hormone
releases from the adenohypophysis and stimulates to adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
thyroid stimulating hormone
released from the adenohypophysis and stimulates the thyroid gland
follicle stimulating hormone
released from the adenohypophysis and stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen stimulate in women and sperm production in men
luteinizing hormone
released from the adenohypophysis and stimulates maturation of ovum and ovulation in women and stimulates secretion of testosterone in men
prolactin
released from the adenohypophysis and stimulates breast milk production during lactation
adenohypophysis
the front lobe of your pituitary gland
what hormones are released from your adenohypophysis?
prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
released from neurohypophysis and stimulates increased reabsorption of water in the kidneys
neurohypophysis
posterior pituitary lobe
oxytocin
released from neurohypophysis and stimulates contraction of uterus during contractions and stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation
insulin
released from the pancreas and transports glucose into cells to lower blood glucose levels
glucagon
released from pancreatic cells and increases blood glucose levels via glycogenolysis in the liver
parathyroid hormone
released by the parathyroid gland and increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone demineralization
calcitonin
released by the thyroid gland and decreases the release of calcium from the bone to lower blood calcium
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
released by the thyroid gland and increases the metabolic rate in all cells
aldosterone
released by the adrenal cortex and increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys
cortisol
released from the adrenal cortex and exerts anti inflammatory effects and decreases the immune response; part of the stress response and has a catabolic effect on tissues
norepinephrine
released from the adrenal medulla and causes general vasoconstriction
epinephrine
released by the adrenal medulla and is part of the stress response, causing vasoconstriction is skin and visceral organs, and vasodilation in skeletal muscles; it also causes bronchodilation and increases the rate and force of heart contraction
what is the release of hormones usually controlled by?
a negative feedback mechanism
endocrine and nervous system
they work together to regulate metabolic activities; ex. the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland constitute a complex control system for some hormones
what is necessary to check when there are hormone defects or excess?
the pituitary gland
antagonistic hormones
those that have opposing effects; ex. PTH and calcitonin
function of the endocrine system
to coordinate body cells to regulate organs and allow us to adapt
how does the endocrine system regulate organs?
growth and development, reproduction, digeston, and balancing water and electrolytes
how does the endocrine system allow up to adapt
stress responses (ex. fight or flight) and responding to environmental changes (ex. changing metabolism)
what does
