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Anatomy and Phyisology > Nervous system pt 1 (brain, spinal cord, and ANS) > Flashcards

Nervous system pt 1 (brain, spinal cord, and ANS) Flashcards

1
Q

structures in a spinal cord model

A

spinal nerve, dorsal root ganglion, anterior root, lateral, posterior, and anterior white columns, posterior and anterior grey horns, anterior median fissure, grey commissure, central canal, and posterior median sulcus

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2
Q

spinal nerve

A

mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body’s periphery; there are 31 spinal nerves

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3
Q

mixed nerve

A

contains both sensory and motor neuron axons

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4
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons; connects with the dorsal root which sends sensory information into the spinal cord

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5
Q

ganglion vs nerve

A

ganglion are bundles of cell bodies while nerves are bundles of axons (both are located within the PNS)

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6
Q

nerve vs tract

A

nerves are bundles of axons in the PNS while tracts are bundles of axons in the CNS

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7
Q

ganglion vs nuclei

A

ganglion are clusters of cell bodies in the PNS and nuclei are cell bodies in the CNS

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8
Q

roots vs horns in spinal cord

A

the neurons of the dorsal horn receive sensory information from the dorsal roots; vise versa, anterior horn will send motor information out via the anterior root

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9
Q

anterior root of a spinal nerve

A

aka motor root; receives motor output from the anterior horn of the spinal cord

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10
Q

lateral white column

A

white matter of spinal cord located on the lateral side; contains both descending and ascending tracts of axons

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11
Q

anterior white column

A

white matter located on anterior side (where anterior median fissure is); contains both descending and ascending tracts of axons

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12
Q

posterior white column

A

white matter on posterior side (where posterior median sulcus is); contains both descending and ascending tracts of axons

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13
Q

grey vs white matter

A

grey matter is neuron cell bodies and dendrites; while white matter is axons (think myelin sheath is white)

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14
Q

posterior grey horn

A

grey matter on posterior side that receives sensory input from posterior root

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15
Q

anterior grey horn

A

grey matter of anterior side that relays motor output to the anterior root

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16
Q

grey comminsure

A

the bridge that connects the left side of the grey matter in the spinal cord to the right side

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17
Q

anterior median fissure

A

deep groove on anterior side of spinal cord

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18
Q

central canal

A

canal in the middle of grey matter of the spinal cord; this carries CSF and helps to transport nutrients to the spinal cord, while also serving protection; is a remnant of the neural tube

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19
Q

posterior median sulcus

A

shallow groove on posterior side

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20
Q

sensory tracts

A

bring sensory input (ex. touch, pain, temperature) from the spinal cord to the brain via the brainstem; enter the spinal cord on the posterior side

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21
Q

motor tracts

A

sends motor information (voluntary and involuntary muscle control) from the spinal cord; located anterior in the spinal cord

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22
Q

what is a basic reflex arc?

A

the simplest neural pathway that allows for an automatic, rapid response to stimulus without brain involvement

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23
Q

basic reflex arc simple steps

A

a stimulus produces a response via a sensory receptor which sends a message to the sensory neuron, then to interneuron in integrating centre, then out of spinal cord via a motor neuron which elicits an effector that is either a muscle or a gland

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24
Q

sensory receptor

A

responds to a stimulus by producing a generator or receptor potential

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25
Q

integrating centre

A

one or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons

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26
Q

what is neurulation?

A

the folding process in vertebrate embryos in which the neural plate transforms into the neural tubule

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27
Q

first step of neurulation

A

the notochord induces the formation of the CNS by signaling the ectoderm germ layer to form the thick and flat neural plate

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28
Q

notochord

A

a cartilage skeletal rod supporting the body in embryos

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29
Q

ectoderm germ layer

A

outermost germ layer of the embryo

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30
Q

second step of neurulation

A

the neural groove; forming of the neural plate will change shape, becoming longer and narrowers, causing the lateral edges of the plate to rise and form the neural folds, while the central part remains depressed

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31
Q

third step of neurulation

A

the neural tubule forms; the neural folds move toward each other, forming a tube where the spinal cord and brain will be; after this further specialisation will occur

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32
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid composed of?

A

mostly water and small amounts of Na, K, Ca, Mg, lactic acid, urea, glucose, proteins like albumin, and WBC’s

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33
Q

functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

circulates around the brain and spinal cord to provide protection, buoyancy, nourishment, waste removal, and the maintenance of homeostasis

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34
Q

order of ventricles (and connectors)

A

lateral ventricles; connect to third ventricle via the interventricular foramen; third ventricle will connect to the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct

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35
Q

what separates the lateral ventricles?

A

the septum pellucidum

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36
Q

where is the third ventricle located?

A

in the diencephalon

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37
Q

where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

in the hindbrain and posterior to the pons

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38
Q

what lines ventricles?

A

ependymal cells

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39
Q

three openings in the fourth ventricle

A

the two lateral apertures in the side walls and the median aperture in the roof

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40
Q

three parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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41
Q

olives

A

located within the medulla oblongata and are a pair of prominent oval structures on either side of the medullary pyramids

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42
Q

pyramids

A

two ventral longitudinal ridges formed by the pyramid tracts

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43
Q

decussation of pyramids

A

crossover of the corticospinal tracts

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44
Q

structures of the pons

A

autonomic respiratory centre which has the pneumotaxic centre and the apneustic centre

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45
Q

pneumotaxic centre of the pons

A

upper part of the pons and will switch off inspiration

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46
Q

apneustic centre of the pons

A

located in the lower part of the pons and stimulates inspiratory neurons

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47
Q

function of the pons

A

helps to regulate breathing through the respiratory centre and helps to coordinate and maximize efficency of motor output via the pontine nucelus

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48
Q

diencephalon

A

contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus

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49
Q

where is the thalamus located?

A

in the walls of the third ventricle

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50
Q

how are the structures of the thalamus connected?

A

by interthalamic adhesion

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51
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

in a small area between the thalamus and the midbrain

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52
Q

cerebral peduncle

A

is medial to the pons and is a pair of large nerve fibre bundles; these connect the cerebral cortex to various other parts of the CNS, including the brainstem and the spinal cord

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53
Q

inferior colliculus

A

inferior to the superior colliculus; is associated with auditory processing; projects neurons from here to the thalamus and then the cerebral cortex

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54
Q

RAS

A

reticular activating system

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55
Q

reticular activating system functions

A

mainly for behavioural arousal and consciousness, but also for sleep when inactive and preventing sensory overload; 2 broad types of functioning

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56
Q

2 types of RAS functioning

A

modulatory and premotor

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57
Q

how does the RAS work?

A

through interconnected nuclei that has ascending pathways in the cortex and descending pathways to the spinal cord via the reticulospinal tract

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58
Q

oldest portion of the brain

A

the reticular activating system

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59
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

posterior to the brainstem

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60
Q

functions of the cerebellum

A

main function is to help direct motor controls through coordinating movement and balance; also plays a small role in language and vision

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61
Q

functions of the thalamus

A

main function is the sort, edit, and relay information from the body, hypothalamus, and cerebellum; also has some functions to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning and memory

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62
Q

function of the hypothalamus

A

main function is to regulate the ANS and maintain homeostasis; also functions to regulate emotions such as anger, fear, and rage, and sleep

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63
Q

how does the hypothalamus play a role in homeostasis

A

regulates blood pressure, body temperature, hunger levels,water balance, and endocrine functions

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64
Q

biological clock located in the hypothalamus

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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65
Q

pineal gland

A

small endocrine gland located just above the third ventricle; plays a role in regulating circadian rhythms by producing and secreting melatonin; also referred to as the third eye

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66
Q

where is the cerebrum located?

A

the outside of the brain

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67
Q

outer covering of cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

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68
Q

function of the cerebrum

A

main understanding and higher cognitive functions like reading, writing, speaking, math, science, music, and memory

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69
Q

gyrus

A

a raised ridge or fold

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70
Q

sulcus

A

shallow groove or furrow between two gyri

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71
Q

fissure

A

a deeper sulcus

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72
Q

frontal lobe

A

front of brain; functions in problem solving, language, judgement, inhibition, personality, and motor planning

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73
Q

parietal lobe

A

on top of brain; functions in sense of touch, taste, and smell

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74
Q

occipital lobe

A

back of brain; functions in visual perception

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75
Q

temporal lobe

A

on side of brain near temples; functions in memory, understanding. and processing auditory information

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76
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

divides the cerebral hemispheres; is a sagittal plane

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77
Q

central sulcus

A

frontal plane that divides the brain into front and back or into frontal and parietal lobes

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78
Q

precentral gyrus

A

ridges anterior to central sulcus

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79
Q

postcentral syrus

A

ridges posterior to central sulcus

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80
Q

parieto-occipital sulcus

A

sagittal plane that divides parietal and occipital lobes

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81
Q

insula

A

a small region deep in the cerebral cortex within the lateral sulcus

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82
Q

lateral cerebral sulcus

A

divides frontal and temporal lobes from the parietal lobe

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83
Q

transverse fissure

A

divides the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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84
Q

projection tracts

A

connect the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord or vise versa; they carry information between the brain and the rest of the body

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85
Q

commissural tracts

A

connect corresponding regions of the two hemispheres; allow for communication and coordination of these two regions

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86
Q

association tracts

A

connect different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain; links areas of the cerebral cortex that have different functions

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87
Q

primary motor area

A

located in the precentral gyrus and is responsible to initiating and controlling voluntary movements through sending motor commands to skeletal muscles via the corticospinal tract

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88
Q

primary somatosensory area

A

located in the postcentral gyrus and is responsible for processing sensory information from the body such as touch, pain, and temperature; it receives input from the skin, muscles, and joints via sensory pathways

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89
Q

sensory homonculus

A

a somatotopic map where different parts are represented proportionally to the amount of sensory input they provide

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90
Q

motor homunculus

A

shows where different regions of the cortex correspond to voluntary movements of specific body parts

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91
Q

where and what is the primary gustatory cortex?

A

responsible for the perception of taste and is located in the middle of the brain within the insular lobe just above the auditory area and at the bottom of the postcentral gyrus

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92
Q

where and what is the primary auditory cortex?

A

responsible for sound processing and is located in each hemisphere within the sylvian fissure, just beneath the gustatory area

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93
Q

where and what is the primary visual cortex?

A

responsible for visual processing and is located within the occipital lobe

94
Q

somatic nervous system

A

includes voluntary skeletal movement

95
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary system and includes both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

96
Q

enteric nervous system

A

facilities the motor, sensory, absorptive, and secretory functions of the GI tract

97
Q

three layer of meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

98
Q

function of the meninges

A

to cover and protect the CNS, while containing CSF; as well as to enclose the venous systems

99
Q

dura mater

A

is superficial layer and the strongest layer; composed of cartilage and has two layer of fibrous CT that separate to form dural sinuses

100
Q

2 layers of dura mater

A

periosteal (superfical) and meningeal (deep)

101
Q

how does the neural plate form?

A

neuroectoderm tissues differeniate into the ectoderm and this thickens to form the neural plate

102
Q

how does the neural crest form?

A

the neural plate will bend dorsally, with the two ends joining at the neural plate border, forming the neural crest

103
Q

how does the neural crest disconnect from the epidermis?

A

when the neural tubule is closed

104
Q

what do neural crest cells differniate into?

A

the peripheral nervous system

105
Q

what does the notochord persist as after embroyonic development?

A

the nucelus pulposus of the intervertebral discs

106
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer with web-like extensions; it is seperated from the dura mater by the subdural space; arachnoid villi will protrude into the superior sagittal sinus and permit CSF reabsorption

107
Q

pia mater

A

deepest layer of meninges; layer of vascularised CT that clings tightly to the brain

108
Q

epidural space

A

the area between the dura mater and the spinal cord; contains fat and CT

109
Q

subarachnoid space

A

seperates the pia mater from the arachnoid mater; contains CSF and blood vessels

110
Q

periosteal layer

A

dense, fiborous layer of the dura mater; closely adhered to the skull; acts as protection, forms the calvaria, and ends at the foramen magnum

111
Q

meningeal layer

A

fibrous layer of the dura mater; is in direct contact with the arachnoid mater and helps to form the dural sinuses

112
Q

superior sagittal sinus

A

one of the major venous sinuses in the brain and is part of the dural venous system which collects and drains blood from the brain; located within the dura matter within the sagittal fissure

113
Q

falx cerebri

A

in the longitudinal fissure and seperates the hemisphers; is attatched to the crista galli

114
Q

straight sinus

A

runs along the line where the falx cerebri meets the tentorium cerebeli

115
Q

tentorium

A

horizontal dural fold that seperates the occpital lobe and cerebellum

116
Q

falx cerebelli

A

along the vermis of the cerebellum

117
Q

different extensions of dural mater in the brain

A

falx cerebri, falx cerebeeli, straight sinus, superior sagittal sinus, and tentorium

118
Q

ascending tract

A

CNS fibres carrying sensory information from the spinal cord or periphery to the brain; ex. gracile and cuneate fasciculus and spinothalamic tracts

119
Q

descending tract

A

CNS fibres carrying motor information from the brain to the spinal cord or periphery; ex. lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts and rubrospinal, tectospinal, etc.

120
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening in the occipital bone of the skull through which the spinal cord emerges and arteries enter

121
Q

calvaria

A

the outermost part of the skull; formed by the periosteal layer

122
Q

dorsal horn

A

located in grey matter and contains interneurons that receive sensory and visceral information

123
Q

where are lateral horns only found?

A

only in thoracic and lumbar regions

124
Q

two types of integration centres

A

either monosynaptic or polysynaptic

125
Q

neural plate border

A

separates the ectoderm from the neural plate

126
Q

what do the apertures do?

A

connect the fourth ventricle (and the others) to the subarachnoid space

127
Q

how do ependymal cells control CSF composition?

A

through ion pumps; this also helps waste removal

128
Q

what is the normal volume of CSF?

A

150 mL

129
Q

how are the brainstem and spinal cord different?

A

they have similar structures but the brainstem contains embedded nucleus

130
Q

difference between anterior and lateral columns vs posterior columns?

A

anterior and lateral columns have both ascending and descending tracts, whereas posterior columns only have ascending tracts

131
Q

2 different types of reflexes and subtypes

A

intrinsic (inborn) and learned (acquired); can be broken down into either somatic or visceral reflexes

132
Q

ventricles

A

the central lumen of the neural tube that have branched off to carry CSF and act as a cushion

133
Q

what hangs from the roof of each ventricle?

A

the choroid plexus

134
Q

what is located inside the choroid plexus?

A

capillary and pia mater

135
Q

where does the spinal cord join the medulla obloganta?

A

at the foreman magnum

136
Q

functions of the medulla obloganta

A

functions overlap with the hypothalamus; cardiovascular (heart rate and blood pressure) and respiratory functions, as well as vomiting, hiccuping, sneezing, and coughing

137
Q

what reabsorbs CSF into the dural venous system?

A

the arachnoid villi

138
Q

what makes up the majority of the dicheaphlon?

A

the thalamus, 80%

139
Q

is the thalamus more involved in sensory or motor information?

A

sensory

140
Q

how does the hypothalamus support endocrine functions?

A

it controls secretions of the anterior pituitary gland and produces hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

141
Q

main components of the cerebrum

A

outer cerebral cortex, inner white matter, and grey matter nuclei within the white matter

142
Q

function of the dural septa

A

to limit excessive movement of the brain

143
Q

what are found within lateral grey horns?

A

autonomic motor neurons

144
Q

difference between regular motor neurons and autonomic motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

autonomic motor neurons are located more laterally and do not synapse with anything

145
Q

ascending sensory tracts located in the posterior white column of the spinal cord

A

gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus; gracile is located medial and cuneate is located laterally

146
Q

main descending motor tracts

A

the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts

147
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

148
Q

what allows the medulla oblongata to connect to the spinal cord?

A

the foramen magnum

149
Q

what side of the medulla are the pyramids located on?

A

the anterior side

150
Q

what are pyramids associated with?

A

lateral corticospinal tracts

151
Q

what do the pyramids contain?

A

most motor output for the brain; except what passes through the anterior corticospinal tract

152
Q

what are located within each olive?

A

inferior olivary nucleus

153
Q

function of the inferior olivary nuclei

A

these take input from the CNS system and send them to the cerebellum; associated with fine motor coordination

154
Q

other nuclei in the medulla

A

cardiovascular system, respiratory system, vomiting system, deglutition system, sneezing system, coughing system, and gustatory centre

155
Q

pontine nuclei

A

found in the pons and function in coordination of voluntary motor output

156
Q

where are the cerebral peduncles located?

A

above the pons and the midbrain

157
Q

where are the colliculus found?

A

in the midbrain

158
Q

tectum

A

region on the posterior side of the midbrain and is made of the superior and inferior colliculus

159
Q

what makes the startle reflex?

A

the tectum

160
Q

why are structures in the brain folded lots?

A

increases surface area to increase the amount of neurons

161
Q

where are half of the neurons in your brain located?

A

the cerebellum

162
Q

what is the cerebellum mostly made of?

A

grey matter and neuron cell bodies

163
Q

vermis

A

medial bridge of the cerebellum

164
Q

folia

A

infoldings of the cerebellum, these function to increase surface area to have more neurons

165
Q

arbor vitae

A

the tree like structure that attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem

166
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

axons extend to red nuclei and the thalamus

167
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

carries impulses for voluntary nucleus from pontine nuclei

168
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

axons carrying information related to balance and equilibrium

169
Q

what does the diencephalon contain?

A

the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and the pineal gland

170
Q

what does the diencephalon surround?

A

the third ventricle

171
Q

how many nuclei are in the thalamus?

A

7

172
Q

what connects the two lobes of the thalamus?

A

intermediate mass

173
Q

what brain structures are part of the reticular activating system?

A

the brainstem and the thalamus

174
Q

what occurs in the thalamus?

A

afferent synapses occur here

175
Q

what system is also the brain of the ANS?

A

the hypothalamus

176
Q

what system is associated with circadian rhythm?

A

the hypothalamus

177
Q

what area grows the most during embryo development?

A

the cerebrum

178
Q

another name for the postcentral gyrus

A

the primary somatic sensory centre

179
Q

what sensory information is not processed in the postcentral gyrus

A

special senses

180
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the left and right central hemispheres; the largest bundle of axons in the brain

181
Q

premotor area

A

sits anterior to precentral gyrus and functions to plan and organize movements

182
Q

differences between meninges in cranium and spinal cord

A

there is only epidural space in the spinal cord and cranium has two layers of dura mater which form the venous systems

183
Q

what is dura mater made of?

A

dense, irregular CT

184
Q

what is contained in the epidural space?

A

fat and some CT

185
Q

what meninges layer is very vascular and what is avascular?

A

pia mater is very vascular and arachnoid mater is avascular

186
Q

what is arachnoid tissue made of?

A

loose collagen and some elastic fibres

187
Q

what is contained in the subdural space?

A

interstital fluid

188
Q

what is pia mater made of?

A

squamous to cuboidal epithelium with some collagen and elastic fibres

189
Q

when do the dura mater layers split?

A

when they form venous sinuses

190
Q

what are the sinuses lined with?

A

epithelium

191
Q

function of venous systems

A

to drain venous blood from the brain and send it through the internal jugular veins

192
Q

neurulation steps

A

formation of the neural plate, folding of the neural groove, elevation of the neural crest, convergence of the neural plate border ends, and closure of the neural tube

193
Q

somites

A

form either side of the neural tubule

194
Q

what do somites develop into?

A

the axial skeleton, skeletal muscle, and dermis

195
Q

what vitamin is important to neurulation development?

A

folate a B vitamin

196
Q

what develops into the neural crest?

A

the neural plate borders; which shift occurs when the ends join

197
Q

what does the closure of the neural tubule do?

A

disconnects the neural crest from the epidermis

198
Q

how does the CSF maintain homeostasis?

A

by carrying hormones produced in the hypothalamus

199
Q

do the pyramids contain motor or sensory tracts?

A

motor

200
Q

where are the inferior olivary nuclei located?

A

in the superior region of the medulla inside olives; these function in relaying motor output to and from the cerebellum

201
Q

superior colliculus

A

part of the tectum and is involved in visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space

202
Q

reticular formation

A

region that runs through the brainstem and the superior spinal cord and is where white and grey matter are arranged like a net; contains both ascending and descending tracts

203
Q

what is the ascending tract of the reticular formation?

A

the reticular activaiton system

204
Q

what sense does the RAS not function in for sleep?

A

smell; hence no smells will wake you up

205
Q

where do the axons of the RAS project to?

A

the hypothalamus and the thalamus

206
Q

secondary functions of the thalamus

A

to mediate sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, and memory

207
Q

3 lobes in the cerebellum

A

anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular

208
Q

function of the flocculonodular lobe

A

balance and equilibrium

209
Q

function of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

A

subconscious skeletal movement

210
Q

2 fissures in the cerebellum

A

horizontal and primary

211
Q

what are the ventricles a byproduct of?

A

the neural tubule

212
Q

what ventricle connector has two openings?

A

the interventricular foramen

213
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with inferior olivary nuclei

A

8, 9, 10 and 12

214
Q

cerebral peduncle function

A

connect the cerebrum to the lower CNS

215
Q

where are the cerebral peduncle found?

A

ventral midbrain and pons

216
Q

what is the anatomy of the cerebral peduncle

A

white matter that make up motor tracts

217
Q

descending pathway of the recticular formation

A

reticulosponal tracts

218
Q

what is the transverse fissure filled by?

A

the tentorium cerebelli

219
Q

what are examples of commissural tracts

A

anterior commissure and the corpus callosum

220
Q

what is pia mater composed of?

A

collagen and elastic fibres, and is squamous to cubodial epithelium

221
Q

arachnoid granulation

A

the process of CSF being reabsorbed through the archanoid villi

222
Q

anatomy of ependymal cells

A

columnar with cilia

223
Q

what nuclei is involved in coordinating muscle movements and is found in the midbrain?

A

red nuclei

224
Q

what nuclei produces domanine?

A

substantia nigra nuclei

225
Q

what is the diencephalon mostly made of?

A

grey matter

226
Q

what is the pineal gland part of?

A

the epithalamus

227
Q

what is the name for a visual representation map of the brain?

A

homunculus

228
Q

posterior vs anterior parts of the pons

A

posterior part has the respiration centre and anterior part has the pontine nucleus

229
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles continuation of?

A

the corticospinal tracts

230
Q

nuclei groups contained in the reticular formation

A

lateral nuclei groups, medial nuclei groups, and raphe nucleus

231
Q

what is the arachnoid mater made of?

A

elastic and collagen fibres and is avascular

Anatomy and Phyisology (71 decks)

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