HLTH module 1 questions Flashcards
During a school fair, a student asks you what kind of cancer most commonly causes death in adults, and you respond:
lung
You are discussing treatment options with a patient who was recently diagnosed with cancer. She has read a lot about various radiation therapy alternatives but is confused by them. She specifically asks about brachytherapy, which you explain is:
Implantation of radioactive material in tissue near the tumor site.
As you describe the possible complications of wound healing to a patient, you mention that tissue may shorten, resulting in loss of function, which is a process best described as:
contracture
You are asked to give a medical terminology lecture to high school students interested in entering the health care field. As part of the lecture, you talk about “apoptosis,” which you describe as:
Cell death due to normal programmed degeneration
You are counselling a patient facing treatment options for his condition. He has heard the term “palliative care” but does not know its meaning. You tell him that palliative care:
Reduces the manifestations and complications associated with the condition.
You are working in a hospital with a burn and trauma unit and are asked by a family member about cell injury and cell death. Which of the following can cause cell injury or death?
Apoptosis
Excessive pressure on a tissue
Chemical toxins
Hypoxia
2, 3, 4
You have just finished cutting off a lower leg cast from a 14-year-old girl who was injured playing competitive soccer. She looks at her calf muscle and remarks that it looks smaller. You explain that, because she has not been using many of the muscles in her lower leg, those muscles have undergone atrophy, characterized by:
reduction in cell size
You are reading about a specific disease; the article mentions “etiology.” You know that etiology is defined as:
causes of a disease
Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include:
histamine and prostaglandins
In the ER, you have just treated a wound that you tell the patient will heal by first intention. She asks what that means, and you explain:
the edges of the wound need to be brought together to aid healing
While getting handover from a colleague at shift change, you hear the story of a patient whose lower leg is warm to the touch. You recall that this is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. Which one of the following characterizes swelling?
calor
You are studying with another pathophysiology student. They want to know what is considered a systemic sign of a disease. You respond:
fever
You are reading a book about England’s royal family and learn of a disease, hemophilia A, which is only manifest clinically by males and only passed on through mothers. The inheritance pattern of this condition is:
X-linked recessive
The process of phagocytosis involves:
ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes
You suspect Down syndrome. Which one of the following tests is appropriate to confirm this diagnosis?
cytogenetic analysis
While on your oncology rotation, you recall that Adriamycin acts as a chemotherapeutic agent by:
Specifically binding DNA and inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acids
You meet with a couple in your clinic who have questions about gene therapy. There are several genetic conditions that run in their families, and they want to know about the potential for gene therapy. You explain that the goal of gene therapy is essentially to replace defective genes with normally functioning ones, and that this type of therapy is of particular interest for single gene mutation disorders. These include which one of the following conditions?
huntington disease
You are counselling a patient facing treatment options for his condition. He has heard the term “prophylactic treatment” but does not know its meaning. You tell him that prophylactic treatment:
prevents the condition from occuring
Identify the correct statement about burns.
The severity of the burn depends on temperature, duration, and extent of the burn
While caught up in the care of a patient brought into the ER, you briefly update the family members and report that the patient appears to be septic. They look confused, and you explain that the patient has developed an infection that has become systemic. The family then asks what “systemic” means, and you explain:
A disease or condition that spreads to or affects many parts of the body.
You are asked to counsel the parents of an infant with cystic fibrosis. The parents are clinically normal, but both have been identified as carrying mutations in the CFTR gene. The most likely cause of this condition in this infant is:
autosomal recessive
You are a student in a child and youth clinic. One of the primary care providers is talking about congenital disorders. Based on your knowledge, the following is characteristic of a congenital disorder:
It is usually manifested in the neonatal period.
You are asked to give a medical terminology lecture to high school students who are interested in entering the health care field. As part of the lecture, you talk about ischemia, which you describe as:
Cell injury or death due to deficiency of oxygen to cells.
You are working with Mr. Smith; today he received news that his tumor is benign. You explain to him that a benign tumor:
Consists of cells that appear relatively normal.
As you explain the possible complications of wound healing to a patient, you mention that bands of scar tissue may bind tissues that are normally separate, a process best described as:
adhesion
Some local effects of a general inflammatory response would include:
redness, warmth, and swelling
You are on the oncology unit. Your patient was admitted due to adverse effects of her recent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Based on this history, you know that the most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are:
thrombocytopenia and leukopenia
Which of the following cell types is significantly increased in numbers during an allergic response?
eosinophils
While looking at a slide, you see a wide range of cell sizes and shapes, something best described as:
polymorphism
While caught up in the care of a patient brought into the ER, you briefly update the family members and report that the patient has suffered an acute myocardial infarction. They look confused, and you explain that the patient has had a heart attack. The family then asks what “acute” means, and you explain:
A disease or condition that comes on rapidly.
In the newborn nursery, you assess an infant who has unusual features and a cardiac defect. The patient is hypotonic, with a small head and flat facial profile. The patient’s palpebral fissures are slanted, and her mouth tends to hang open, with a large protruding tongue. Her hands are small, with a single palmar crease. Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
down syndrome (trisomy 21)
During rounds in the neonatal intensive care unit, you ask a mother sitting at her newborn’s bedside whether she has any questions, and she remarks that she has heard the health care team talk about the “phenotype” and “genotype,” two terms she has not heard before. You explain to her that phenotype is:
the physical manifestations of a genetic condition
Following a lecture, you are trying to keep the different types of necrosis straight. You clearly recall that liquefaction necrosis occurs when:
Dead cells dissolve under the influence of certain enzymes.
You are working with a family that has a child with cystic fibrosis. What is the probability of two parents, both carriers of a defective recessive gene, producing an affected (homozygous) child (with each pregnancy)?
25%
You are asked to give a medical terminology lecture to high school students who are interested in entering the health care field. As part of the lecture, you talk about ischemia, which you describe as:
Cell injury or death due to deficiency of oxygen to cells.
You are reading a book about England’s royal family and learn of a disease, hemophilia A, which is only manifest clinically by males and only passed on through mothers. The inheritance pattern of this condition is:
X-linked recessive
In the pathology lab, you are reviewing the different types of cancers. You learn that pre-invasive cancers are called:
cancer in situ
You are asked to counsel the parents of an infant with neurofibromatosis, type I. The parents are clinically normal, and there is no history of the disease in either family, dating back generations. The most likely cause of this condition in this infant is:
new mutation
Following a lecture, you are trying to keep the different types of necrosis straight. You clearly recall that coagulative necrosis occurs when:
cell proteins are altered or denatured, but the cell maintains its form
While looking at a slide, you see where a group of mature cells has been replaced with a different type of mature cells, a process best described as:
metaplasia
In the pathology lab, you are studying tissue that was injured following reperfusion, and you recall this type of injury occurs due to:
free radical formation
Cytokines are chemical mediators released by:
macrophages
Agents that adversely affect embryonic or fetal growth and/or development are:
teratogenic
While getting handover from a colleague at shift change, you hear the story of a patient whose lower leg is warm to the touch. You recall that this is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. Which one of the following characterizes swelling?
calor
During rounds in the neonatal intensive care unit, you ask a mother sitting at her newborn’s bedside whether she has any questions, and she remarks that she has heard the health care team talk about the “phenotype” and “genotype,” two terms she has not heard before. You explain to her that genotype is:
The genetic abnormalities related to a condition.
In the ER, you have just treated a wound that you tell the patient will heal by second intention. She asks what that means, and you explain:
the wound heals from the bottom up through epithelial regeneration
gross level meaning
system or organ, as opposed to microscopic level
iatrogenic
disease caused by a procedure, treatment, or error; ex. catheterization causing a bladder infection
sequelae
potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke
epidemiology
is the science of tracking the pattern of occurence of disease
two factors that occurence is based on?
incidence and prevalence
prevalence
refers to the number of new and old cases within a specific population and time period
necrosis
is the death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversible damage and not a programmed cellular event
what occurs in the absence of O2?
swelling and rupturing of the cell, anaerobic metabolism, and lactic acid buildup
pyroptosis
results in the lysis or dissolution of the cell, releasing destructive lysosomal enzymes into the tissue, which cause inflammation
fat necrosis
occurs when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes
Caseous necrosis
is a form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms
Infarction
the term applied to an area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
Gangrene
refers to an area of necrotic tissue, usually associated with a lack or loss of blood supply that is followed by invasion of bacteria
dry gangrene
is caused by coagulation necrosis and occurs when the tissue dries, shrinks, and blackens
wet gangrene
is the result of liquefaction, causing the tissue to be cold, swollen, and black
telomeres
protect the end of chromosomes and shorten with each division; the enzyme telomerase can prevent this
hyperemia
increased blood flow in the localized area
serous exudates
consist of watery fluid with proteins and WBCs; common with allergic reactions or burns
what does fever result from?
the release of pyrogens from WBCs or macrophages
serum levels during inflammation
increased WBCs, elevated C-reactive protein, increased ESR, and plasma proteins like fibrinogen and prothrombin
“a shift to the left”
refers to an increase in immature neutrophils resulting from leukocytosis
perforation
erosion through the wall
aspirin other names
ASA or acetylsalicylic acid
aspirin effect
decreases prostaglandin effects
complications of aspirin
Reye syndrome and ulcers in the stomach
tylenol other name
acetaminophen
tylenol effect
decreases fever and pain but not inflammation
ex of an NSAID
ibuprofen
action of NSAIDs
reduce production of prostaglandins
newer type of NSAID
celebrex
side effects of corticosteroids
are similar to that of cushing disease; can also be decreased immune response, tissue wasting, delayed healing, delayed growth, and high BP and edema
active component in black pepper
pinerine
resolution
process that occurs with minimal tissue damage and the cells recover
regeneration
occurs in damaged cells when the tissues are capable of mitosis
replacement
occurs when cells cannot undergo mitosis and tissue is replaced by fibrous CT or scar tissue
what type of shock do burns result in?
hypovolemic shock due to low BP
common infections following burns
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S aureus , Klebsiella, and Candida
metabolic changes after a burn
protein in lost in exudate, exposure of burns to air generates more body heat using energy, stress response causes an increased nutrient need, and loss of blood results in anemia
synthetic skin substitute examples
Tegaderm, Opsite, Matriderm, Integra, and Biobrane
biologic skin substitute examples
Dermagraft, Apligraf, Orcel, and Hyalomatrix
basic structure of biosynthetics for burn healing
involve a matrix, usually collagen, with fibroblasts
oncology
the student of cancer
what type of cells are found in tumors?
dysplastic cells
what does dull aching pain mean?
stretching of the viscera of an organ
local effects of tumors
pain, obstrucion, and necrosis
what do macrophages produce in response to tumors?
cachetic factors
name for severe tissue wasting
cachexia
paraneoplastic syndrome
tumor cells release substances that interfere with neurological function; ex. lung cancer can lead to cushing syndrome
examples of tumor markers
carcinoembryonic antigen for colon cancer, human chorionic gonadotropin for testicular cancer, alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular cancer, CA125 for ovarian cancer, and prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer
what breaks down adjacent tissues and is released by tumor cells?
lytic enzymes
radiofrequency ablation
inserts needles and electrodes into the tumor, and heat is supplied through this to destroy the tumor
radioscope
inserted into body cavities to control inflammation
most common type of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
ovarian cancer tumor marker
CA125
nadir
the point of lowest cell count
biologic response modifiers
augment the natural immune response to increase surveillance and removal of abnormal cells
BCG vaccine
injected near the tumor site and stimulates macrophages and T lymphocyte activity to the site
gene therapy
replaces mutated genes with a healthy copy, inactivates a mutated gene, and introduces a new gene
autosomal dominant disorders
Adult polycystic kidney disease, Huntington chorea, Familial hypercholesterolemia, and Marfan syndrome
autosomal recessive disorders
Cystic fibrosis, Phenylketonuria, Sickle cell anemia, and Tay–Sachs disease
X-linked dominant disorder
Fragile X syndrome
X-linked recessive disorders
Color blindness, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Hemophilia A
autosomal recessive disorders meaning
both parents must pass on the gene to produce an affected child
phenylketonuria (PKU)
a metabolic enzyme is missing and can cause brain damage; this is an autosomal recessive disorder
autosomal dominant disorders meaning
one parent must pass on the gene to produce an affected child
X-linked dominant disorders meaning
affect both males and females due to a dominant allele carried on the X chromosome; ex. fragile X syndrome
X-linked recessive disorders meaning
The genes for X-linked disorders are recessive but are manifested in heterozygous males who lack the matching normal gene on the Y chromosome; do not manifest in women but they can be carriers
trisomy 21
down syndrome; the 21 chromosome has 3 instead of two
monosomy X
aka turner syndrome; only one X chromosome is present and this effects females, causing no ovaries
polysomy X
aka klinefelter syndrome; 2 X chromosomes and one Y is present and this affects males, causing reproductive issues
examples of multifactorial disorders
cleft palate, congenital hip dislocation, congenital heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, anencephaly, and hydrocephalus
TORCH
toxoplasmosis, other (hep B, mumps, syphilis, gonorrhea), rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes
how does genetic engineering work?
by changing DNA sequence through deletion, substitution, or rearrangement
proteomic research
focuses on studying the proteins that are produced when a defective gene is activated
chronic inflammation vs acute
chronic has less swelling, more WBCs, macrophages, fibroblasts, and collagen
3 types of healing
resolution, regeneration, and replacement
healing process simple
blood clot seals area, cell debris removed by macrophages, granuloma tissue forms, then wound cavity is filled in via new epithelial cells and collagen, and new capillaries form
granulation tissue
is red or pink and moist; contains new capillary buds from surrounding tissues
vitamins important for tissue healing
A and C, as well as protein
shock and burns
shift of fluid from the vessels results in low BP, causing hypovolemic shock; hematocrit is also high
toxic gases released during a fire
cyanide
biologic vs synthetic skin substitutes
the biologic skin substitutes have an intact extracellular matrix structure, whereas synthetic skin substitutes can be synthesized and modified for specific purposes
common enzyme secreted by tumors
collagenase
what are used to screen high-risk cancer patients?
cytologic testing
action of radiation therapy
causes mutations or alterations in the DNA, thus preventing mitosis; also damages supplying blood vessels to the tumor
example of a disorder caused by low folic acid
spina bifida
sickle cell anemia benefits
provides resistance to malaria
enzyme affected in PKU
phenylalanine hydroxylase
characteristic of multifactorial disorders
they tend to be localized to a single area
causes of cerebral palsy
insufficient oxygen, excessive bilirubin, or trauma
