HLTH module 1 questions Flashcards
During a school fair, a student asks you what kind of cancer most commonly causes death in adults, and you respond:
lung
You are discussing treatment options with a patient who was recently diagnosed with cancer. She has read a lot about various radiation therapy alternatives but is confused by them. She specifically asks about brachytherapy, which you explain is:
Implantation of radioactive material in tissue near the tumor site.
As you describe the possible complications of wound healing to a patient, you mention that tissue may shorten, resulting in loss of function, which is a process best described as:
contracture
You are asked to give a medical terminology lecture to high school students interested in entering the health care field. As part of the lecture, you talk about “apoptosis,” which you describe as:
Cell death due to normal programmed degeneration
You are counselling a patient facing treatment options for his condition. He has heard the term “palliative care” but does not know its meaning. You tell him that palliative care:
Reduces the manifestations and complications associated with the condition.
You are working in a hospital with a burn and trauma unit and are asked by a family member about cell injury and cell death. Which of the following can cause cell injury or death?
Apoptosis
Excessive pressure on a tissue
Chemical toxins
Hypoxia
2, 3, 4
You have just finished cutting off a lower leg cast from a 14-year-old girl who was injured playing competitive soccer. She looks at her calf muscle and remarks that it looks smaller. You explain that, because she has not been using many of the muscles in her lower leg, those muscles have undergone atrophy, characterized by:
reduction in cell size
You are reading about a specific disease; the article mentions “etiology.” You know that etiology is defined as:
causes of a disease
Chemical mediators released during the inflammatory response include:
histamine and prostaglandins
In the ER, you have just treated a wound that you tell the patient will heal by first intention. She asks what that means, and you explain:
the edges of the wound need to be brought together to aid healing
While getting handover from a colleague at shift change, you hear the story of a patient whose lower leg is warm to the touch. You recall that this is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. Which one of the following characterizes swelling?
calor
You are studying with another pathophysiology student. They want to know what is considered a systemic sign of a disease. You respond:
fever
You are reading a book about England’s royal family and learn of a disease, hemophilia A, which is only manifest clinically by males and only passed on through mothers. The inheritance pattern of this condition is:
X-linked recessive
The process of phagocytosis involves:
ingestion of foreign material and cell debris by leukocytes
You suspect Down syndrome. Which one of the following tests is appropriate to confirm this diagnosis?
cytogenetic analysis
While on your oncology rotation, you recall that Adriamycin acts as a chemotherapeutic agent by:
Specifically binding DNA and inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acids
You meet with a couple in your clinic who have questions about gene therapy. There are several genetic conditions that run in their families, and they want to know about the potential for gene therapy. You explain that the goal of gene therapy is essentially to replace defective genes with normally functioning ones, and that this type of therapy is of particular interest for single gene mutation disorders. These include which one of the following conditions?
huntington disease
You are counselling a patient facing treatment options for his condition. He has heard the term “prophylactic treatment” but does not know its meaning. You tell him that prophylactic treatment:
prevents the condition from occuring
Identify the correct statement about burns.
The severity of the burn depends on temperature, duration, and extent of the burn
While caught up in the care of a patient brought into the ER, you briefly update the family members and report that the patient appears to be septic. They look confused, and you explain that the patient has developed an infection that has become systemic. The family then asks what “systemic” means, and you explain:
A disease or condition that spreads to or affects many parts of the body.
You are asked to counsel the parents of an infant with cystic fibrosis. The parents are clinically normal, but both have been identified as carrying mutations in the CFTR gene. The most likely cause of this condition in this infant is:
autosomal recessive
You are a student in a child and youth clinic. One of the primary care providers is talking about congenital disorders. Based on your knowledge, the following is characteristic of a congenital disorder:
It is usually manifested in the neonatal period.
You are asked to give a medical terminology lecture to high school students who are interested in entering the health care field. As part of the lecture, you talk about ischemia, which you describe as:
Cell injury or death due to deficiency of oxygen to cells.
You are working with Mr. Smith; today he received news that his tumor is benign. You explain to him that a benign tumor:
Consists of cells that appear relatively normal.
As you explain the possible complications of wound healing to a patient, you mention that bands of scar tissue may bind tissues that are normally separate, a process best described as:
adhesion
Some local effects of a general inflammatory response would include:
redness, warmth, and swelling
You are on the oncology unit. Your patient was admitted due to adverse effects of her recent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Based on this history, you know that the most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are:
thrombocytopenia and leukopenia
Which of the following cell types is significantly increased in numbers during an allergic response?
eosinophils
While looking at a slide, you see a wide range of cell sizes and shapes, something best described as:
polymorphism
While caught up in the care of a patient brought into the ER, you briefly update the family members and report that the patient has suffered an acute myocardial infarction. They look confused, and you explain that the patient has had a heart attack. The family then asks what “acute” means, and you explain:
A disease or condition that comes on rapidly.
In the newborn nursery, you assess an infant who has unusual features and a cardiac defect. The patient is hypotonic, with a small head and flat facial profile. The patient’s palpebral fissures are slanted, and her mouth tends to hang open, with a large protruding tongue. Her hands are small, with a single palmar crease. Which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
down syndrome (trisomy 21)
During rounds in the neonatal intensive care unit, you ask a mother sitting at her newborn’s bedside whether she has any questions, and she remarks that she has heard the health care team talk about the “phenotype” and “genotype,” two terms she has not heard before. You explain to her that phenotype is:
the physical manifestations of a genetic condition
Following a lecture, you are trying to keep the different types of necrosis straight. You clearly recall that liquefaction necrosis occurs when:
Dead cells dissolve under the influence of certain enzymes.
You are working with a family that has a child with cystic fibrosis. What is the probability of two parents, both carriers of a defective recessive gene, producing an affected (homozygous) child (with each pregnancy)?
25%
You are asked to give a medical terminology lecture to high school students who are interested in entering the health care field. As part of the lecture, you talk about ischemia, which you describe as:
Cell injury or death due to deficiency of oxygen to cells.
You are reading a book about England’s royal family and learn of a disease, hemophilia A, which is only manifest clinically by males and only passed on through mothers. The inheritance pattern of this condition is:
X-linked recessive
In the pathology lab, you are reviewing the different types of cancers. You learn that pre-invasive cancers are called:
cancer in situ
You are asked to counsel the parents of an infant with neurofibromatosis, type I. The parents are clinically normal, and there is no history of the disease in either family, dating back generations. The most likely cause of this condition in this infant is:
new mutation
Following a lecture, you are trying to keep the different types of necrosis straight. You clearly recall that coagulative necrosis occurs when:
cell proteins are altered or denatured, but the cell maintains its form
While looking at a slide, you see where a group of mature cells has been replaced with a different type of mature cells, a process best described as:
metaplasia
In the pathology lab, you are studying tissue that was injured following reperfusion, and you recall this type of injury occurs due to:
free radical formation
Cytokines are chemical mediators released by:
macrophages
Agents that adversely affect embryonic or fetal growth and/or development are:
teratogenic
While getting handover from a colleague at shift change, you hear the story of a patient whose lower leg is warm to the touch. You recall that this is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. Which one of the following characterizes swelling?
calor
During rounds in the neonatal intensive care unit, you ask a mother sitting at her newborn’s bedside whether she has any questions, and she remarks that she has heard the health care team talk about the “phenotype” and “genotype,” two terms she has not heard before. You explain to her that genotype is:
The genetic abnormalities related to a condition.
In the ER, you have just treated a wound that you tell the patient will heal by second intention. She asks what that means, and you explain:
the wound heals from the bottom up through epithelial regeneration
gross level meaning
system or organ, as opposed to microscopic level
iatrogenic
disease caused by a procedure, treatment, or error; ex. catheterization causing a bladder infection
sequelae
potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition, such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke
epidemiology
is the science of tracking the pattern of occurence of disease
two factors that occurence is based on?
incidence and prevalence
prevalence
refers to the number of new and old cases within a specific population and time period
necrosis
is the death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversible damage and not a programmed cellular event
what occurs in the absence of O2?
swelling and rupturing of the cell, anaerobic metabolism, and lactic acid buildup
