HLTH angina and MI Flashcards
what does coronary heart disease include?
angina pectoris or myocardial infarction
what is the result of coronary heart disease?
damage to the myocardium due to obstruction in the coronary arteries, causing low O2 delivery which can lead to heart failure, death, or serious arrhythmias
what is chest pain the result of?
angina
angina and four causes
is chest pain when there is impaired supply of O2 to the heart or when the heart is working harder than usual; caused by obstructions such as atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, vasospasm, or myocardial hypertrophy
atherosclerosis
build up of materials in the vessel walls
arteriosclerosis
refers to arterilar disorders such as hardening of the vessel wall
patterns of chest pain in angina
classic, variant, or unstable
variant pattern of angina
is a vasospasm at rest
unstable pattern of angina
the most serious type and occurs when there is a break in an atheroma
causes of reduced O2 in angina?
tachycardia associated with hyperthyroidism or increased force of contractions due to hypertensions (stress, exercise, respiratory infection, or weather extremes)
signs of angina
usually are recurrent and is chest pain that may radiate to the neck or left arm, pallor, excessive sweating, or nausea
diaphoresis
excessive sweating
treatment for angina
vasodilators such as nitroglycerin
myocardial infarction
a heart attack that occurs as a result of the death of myocardial tissue to due ischemia
risk for those who have had a recent MI?
reoccuring MI or stroke
two classifications of MI’s
ST-elevation and non-ST elevaton
5 subtypes of MI’s
type 1 is associated with an atherosclerosis; type 2 is a mismatch in myocardial O2 supply; type 3 is fatal; and type 4 and 5 are the result of medical procedures such as angioplasty
three ways an infarction may occur in the coronary arteries
the thrombus obstructs the artery, vasospasm may occur, leading to total obstruction, or part of the thrombus breaks away and blocks a vessel
what are most MI’s?
transmural meaning that are three heart layers are involved, as well most involve the left ventricle
what happens when obstruction of coronary vessels occurs?
the heart tissue may become necrotic, leading to inflammation, ischemia, and enzymes released
what are myocardial fibres replaced with?
fibrous, nonfunctional tissues
warning signs of a MI
pressure, heaviness, or burning in the chest that radiates to the left arm or neck, shortness of breath, pallor, sweating, weakness, fatigue, low-grade fever, nausea, hypotension, anxiety and fear
what can help prevent damage in someone who has had a MI?
thrombolytic therapy; if administered in 20 minutes, permanent damage is not sustained
what enzymes are released during an MI?
aspartate aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase
serum levels for a MI
will have high enzyme levels, elevated troponin and myosin, abnormal sodium and potassium, high WBCs, and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate
why do MIs cause death?
arrhythmias and fibrillation, impaired conduction, and spontaneous impulses at an ectopic site
how does cocaine cause MIs?
it can interfere with cardiac conduction and cause vasospam
less severe complications of a MI?
necrosis of heart tissue or thromboembolism
treatment for a MI?
O2 therapy, analgesics for pain, anticoagulants (aspirin or warfarin), medication to reduce dysrhythmias, a pacemaker, bypass surgery, or other drugs
