HTLH module 3 review microbiology Flashcards
what do microorganisms include?
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
anaerobic organsims
do not require O2
bacilli meaning
rod shaped
spirals meaning
coiled shaped or wavy line appearance
cocci meaning
sphere shaped
diplo meaning
found in pairs
strepto meaning
indicates chains
staphylo meaning
indicates grape like clusters
palisade
cells lying together with the long side parallel
tetrads
cells packed in a group of 4
peptidoglycan
sugars and peptides that make up bacterial cell walls
what does penicillin act on?
gram-positive bacteria
gram-positive bacteria structure
cell wall and cell membrane located only on the inside
gram-negative bacteria structure
cell wall and cell membrane located on inside and outside
exotoxins
produced by gram-positive bacteria and diffuse throughout the body, causing damaging effects like neurological damage and/or vomiting
endotoxins
are found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and are released when the bacteria dies
endospores
are a latent form of the bacterium with a coating that is resistant to heat and other conditions, however, they cannot reproduce in this state, only in the vegetative state
virion
an extracellular virus
H1N1
has both swine and human influenza components
chlamydiae
primitive forms related to bacteria and lack enzymes; two types
elementary body chlamydiae
is infectious, posses a cell wall and can bind to epithelial cells
reticulate body chlamydiae
noninfectious but uses the host cell to make ATP and then develops into elementary bodies
what type of bacteria are rickettsiae
gram-negative
rickettsiae
bacteria transmitted by lice and ticks, attacking blood vessels and resulting in hemorrhage; ex. typhus fever or rocky mountain spotted fever
mycoplasma
the smallest cellular microbes and lack cell walls
fungi
are eukaryotic and can be single or multicellular
candida
a normally harmless fungi found on the skin and can cause oral or vaginal infections when normal flora is disrupted
thrush
a candida oral infection in infants
Histoplasma
fungus that may cause lung infection in immunosuppressed patients
protozoa
eukaryotic, unicellular, motile, and lack cell walls; live in dead matter or on/in a host
examples of infections caused by a protozoa
trichomoniasis, malaria, and amebic dysentery
Trichomonas vaginalis
protozoa that causes STIs through attaching to the mucus membrane and causing inflammation
causative agent for malaria
Plasmodium
how is malaria transmitted?
the female mosquito
amebas
are a motile group of protozoans that move via amoeboid movement (extending cytoplasm out)
Entamoeba histolytica
an ameba that lives in the large intestine and can cause GI tract infections; it is transmitted by cysts in feces
Trophozoites
a protozoa that breaks down the intestinal mucosa, invades blood vessels, and causes cysts
Naegleria fowleri
can be very deadly and cause neurological damage
prions
are protein-like agents that are transmitted by consumption of contaminated tissues such as muscle and brain or the use of donor tissues contaminated with the protein
damaging effects of prions
causes proteins in the brain to undergo abnormal folding and change shape
what areas of the body lack resident flora?
the lungs, brain, blood, bladder, and kidneys
endemic meaning
infections constantly occurring in a population
reservoir meaning
the source of infection
direct contact
touching a lesion or sexual contact
cause of syphilis
treponema pallidum
indirect contact
involves an indirect mediator such as food or inanimate object that carries the organism
Vector-born
when an insect or animal transmits the disease
common infectious agent in nosocomial locations
c diff and s aureus
factors increasing microbial virulence
endotoxins or exotoxins, production of destructive enzymes, spore formation, ability to avoid host defences, and presence of bacterial capsule or pilli
what immune component can be used to treat cancer?
interferons
Pathogenicity
refers to the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease
what is virulence often expressed in?
the case fatality rate, which is the percentage of deaths occurring in the number of persons who develop the disease
flesh eating bacteria
beta-hemolytic streptococcus; this is highly invasive and secretes enzymes that break down tissue, as well as proteases
microorganisms resistant to treatment
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, P. falciparum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, S. aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Antiseptics
are antimicrobial chemicals designed to be used on living tissue, such as isopropyl alcohol–70%, which is the active ingredient in hand sanitizers
The principle of Universal Precautions is based on:
assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection.
bacteremia meaning
Microbes present in the blood
What are culture and sensitivity tests used for?
To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it
Which of the following is the primary difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?
Antiseptic is used on living tissue, whereas disinfectant is designed for nonliving surfaces.
bacteriostatic meaning
drugs that are designed to inhibit or slow down growth of microbes but not necessarily kill them
what’s happening during the incubation period?
organisms are dividing enough to cause adverse effects
3 stages of infection by microorganisms
incubation, prodromal, and acute
focal infection meaning
the pathogen spreads to another tissue site
toxemia
presence of toxins in the blood
viremia
presence of virus in the blood
viral vs bacterial exudates
viral is clear and serous, and bacterial is pus
Lymphadenopathy
swollen lymph nodes
what is leukocytosis indicative of?
bacterial infection
what is leukopenia indicative of?
viral infection
how do antibacterials work?
block synthesis of the cell wall or interfere with cell metabolism
Bactericidal
refers to drugs that kill bacteria
bacteriostatic
drugs that inhibit bacterial reproduction
what commonly develops after tetracycline medication?
candida infections in the mouth or vagina
action of antifungals
interfere with mitosis in fungi and may increase fungal membrane permeability
influenza
is a viral infection that impacts both the upper and lower respiratory tracts
secondary infection common with influenza
pneumonia
what virus group is influenza a part of?
myxovirus (RNA)
most dangerous type of influenza
type A because it often mutates
damaging effects of H1N1
formation of pulmonary emboli or altered capillary exchange in the alveoli of the lung
how is influenza transmitted?
respiratory droplet and contact with contaminated surfaces
how do fungi reproduce?
budding, spores, and extension of hyphae
