HTLH module 3 review microbiology Flashcards by Saje Allen

what do microorganisms include?

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

anaerobic organsims

do not require O2

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bacilli meaning

rod shaped

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

spirals meaning

coiled shaped or wavy line appearance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cocci meaning

sphere shaped

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

diplo meaning

found in pairs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

strepto meaning

indicates chains

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

staphylo meaning

indicates grape like clusters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

palisade

cells lying together with the long side parallel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tetrads

cells packed in a group of 4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

peptidoglycan

sugars and peptides that make up bacterial cell walls

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does penicillin act on?

gram-positive bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gram-positive bacteria structure

cell wall and cell membrane located only on the inside

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gram-negative bacteria structure

cell wall and cell membrane located on inside and outside

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

exotoxins

produced by gram-positive bacteria and diffuse throughout the body, causing damaging effects like neurological damage and/or vomiting

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

endotoxins

are found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and are released when the bacteria dies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

endospores

are a latent form of the bacterium with a coating that is resistant to heat and other conditions, however, they cannot reproduce in this state, only in the vegetative state

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

virion

an extracellular virus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

H1N1

has both swine and human influenza components

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chlamydiae

primitive forms related to bacteria and lack enzymes; two types

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

elementary body chlamydiae

is infectious, posses a cell wall and can bind to epithelial cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

reticulate body chlamydiae

noninfectious but uses the host cell to make ATP and then develops into elementary bodies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what type of bacteria are rickettsiae

gram-negative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

rickettsiae

bacteria transmitted by lice and ticks, attacking blood vessels and resulting in hemorrhage; ex. typhus fever or rocky mountain spotted fever

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mycoplasma

the smallest cellular microbes and lack cell walls

fungi

are eukaryotic and can be single or multicellular

candida

a normally harmless fungi found on the skin and can cause oral or vaginal infections when normal flora is disrupted

thrush

a candida oral infection in infants

Histoplasma

fungus that may cause lung infection in immunosuppressed patients

protozoa

eukaryotic, unicellular, motile, and lack cell walls; live in dead matter or on/in a host

examples of infections caused by a protozoa

trichomoniasis, malaria, and amebic dysentery

Trichomonas vaginalis

protozoa that causes STIs through attaching to the mucus membrane and causing inflammation

causative agent for malaria

Plasmodium

how is malaria transmitted?

the female mosquito

amebas

are a motile group of protozoans that move via amoeboid movement (extending cytoplasm out)

Entamoeba histolytica

an ameba that lives in the large intestine and can cause GI tract infections; it is transmitted by cysts in feces

Trophozoites

a protozoa that breaks down the intestinal mucosa, invades blood vessels, and causes cysts

Naegleria fowleri

can be very deadly and cause neurological damage

prions

are protein-like agents that are transmitted by consumption of contaminated tissues such as muscle and brain or the use of donor tissues contaminated with the protein

damaging effects of prions

causes proteins in the brain to undergo abnormal folding and change shape

what areas of the body lack resident flora?

the lungs, brain, blood, bladder, and kidneys

endemic meaning

infections constantly occurring in a population

reservoir meaning

the source of infection

direct contact

touching a lesion or sexual contact

cause of syphilis

treponema pallidum

indirect contact

involves an indirect mediator such as food or inanimate object that carries the organism

Vector-born

when an insect or animal transmits the disease

common infectious agent in nosocomial locations

c diff and s aureus

factors increasing microbial virulence

endotoxins or exotoxins, production of destructive enzymes, spore formation, ability to avoid host defences, and presence of bacterial capsule or pilli

what immune component can be used to treat cancer?

interferons

Pathogenicity

refers to the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease

what is virulence often expressed in?

the case fatality rate, which is the percentage of deaths occurring in the number of persons who develop the disease

flesh eating bacteria

beta-hemolytic streptococcus; this is highly invasive and secretes enzymes that break down tissue, as well as proteases

microorganisms resistant to treatment

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, P. falciparum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, S. aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Antiseptics

are antimicrobial chemicals designed to be used on living tissue, such as isopropyl alcohol–70%, which is the active ingredient in hand sanitizers

The principle of Universal Precautions is based on:

assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection.

bacteremia meaning

Microbes present in the blood

What are culture and sensitivity tests used for?

To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it

Which of the following is the primary difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?

Antiseptic is used on living tissue, whereas disinfectant is designed for nonliving surfaces.

bacteriostatic meaning

drugs that are designed to inhibit or slow down growth of microbes but not necessarily kill them

what's happening during the incubation period?

organisms are dividing enough to cause adverse effects

3 stages of infection by microorganisms

incubation, prodromal, and acute

focal infection meaning

the pathogen spreads to another tissue site

toxemia

presence of toxins in the blood

viremia

presence of virus in the blood

viral vs bacterial exudates

viral is clear and serous, and bacterial is pus

Lymphadenopathy

swollen lymph nodes

what is leukocytosis indicative of?

bacterial infection

what is leukopenia indicative of?

viral infection

how do antibacterials work?

block synthesis of the cell wall or interfere with cell metabolism

Bactericidal

refers to drugs that kill bacteria

bacteriostatic

drugs that inhibit bacterial reproduction

what commonly develops after tetracycline medication?

candida infections in the mouth or vagina

action of antifungals

interfere with mitosis in fungi and may increase fungal membrane permeability

influenza

is a viral infection that impacts both the upper and lower respiratory tracts

secondary infection common with influenza

pneumonia

what virus group is influenza a part of?

myxovirus (RNA)

most dangerous type of influenza

type A because it often mutates

damaging effects of H1N1

formation of pulmonary emboli or altered capillary exchange in the alveoli of the lung

how is influenza transmitted?

respiratory droplet and contact with contaminated surfaces

how do fungi reproduce?

budding, spores, and extension of hyphae