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Anatomy and Phyisology > HTLH module 3 review microbiology > Flashcards

HTLH module 3 review microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what do microorganisms include?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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2
Q

anaerobic organsims

A

do not require O2

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3
Q

bacilli meaning

A

rod shaped

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4
Q

spirals meaning

A

coiled shaped or wavy line appearance

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5
Q

cocci meaning

A

sphere shaped

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6
Q

diplo meaning

A

found in pairs

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7
Q

strepto meaning

A

indicates chains

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8
Q

staphylo meaning

A

indicates grape like clusters

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9
Q

palisade

A

cells lying together with the long side parallel

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10
Q

tetrads

A

cells packed in a group of 4

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11
Q

peptidoglycan

A

sugars and peptides that make up bacterial cell walls

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12
Q

what does penicillin act on?

A

gram-positive bacteria

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13
Q

gram-positive bacteria structure

A

cell wall and cell membrane located only on the inside

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14
Q

gram-negative bacteria structure

A

cell wall and cell membrane located on inside and outside

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15
Q

exotoxins

A

produced by gram-positive bacteria and diffuse throughout the body, causing damaging effects like neurological damage and/or vomiting

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16
Q

endotoxins

A

are found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and are released when the bacteria dies

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17
Q

endospores

A

are a latent form of the bacterium with a coating that is resistant to heat and other conditions, however, they cannot reproduce in this state, only in the vegetative state

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18
Q

virion

A

an extracellular virus

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19
Q

H1N1

A

has both swine and human influenza components

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20
Q

chlamydiae

A

primitive forms related to bacteria and lack enzymes; two types

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21
Q

elementary body chlamydiae

A

is infectious, posses a cell wall and can bind to epithelial cells

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22
Q

reticulate body chlamydiae

A

noninfectious but uses the host cell to make ATP and then develops into elementary bodies

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23
Q

what type of bacteria are rickettsiae

A

gram-negative

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24
Q

rickettsiae

A

bacteria transmitted by lice and ticks, attacking blood vessels and resulting in hemorrhage; ex. typhus fever or rocky mountain spotted fever

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25
Q

mycoplasma

A

the smallest cellular microbes and lack cell walls

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26
Q

fungi

A

are eukaryotic and can be single or multicellular

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27
Q

candida

A

a normally harmless fungi found on the skin and can cause oral or vaginal infections when normal flora is disrupted

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28
Q

thrush

A

a candida oral infection in infants

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29
Q

Histoplasma

A

fungus that may cause lung infection in immunosuppressed patients

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30
Q

protozoa

A

eukaryotic, unicellular, motile, and lack cell walls; live in dead matter or on/in a host

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31
Q

examples of infections caused by a protozoa

A

trichomoniasis, malaria, and amebic dysentery

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32
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

protozoa that causes STIs through attaching to the mucus membrane and causing inflammation

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33
Q

causative agent for malaria

A

Plasmodium

34
Q

how is malaria transmitted?

A

the female mosquito

35
Q

amebas

A

are a motile group of protozoans that move via amoeboid movement (extending cytoplasm out)

36
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

an ameba that lives in the large intestine and can cause GI tract infections; it is transmitted by cysts in feces

37
Q

Trophozoites

A

a protozoa that breaks down the intestinal mucosa, invades blood vessels, and causes cysts

38
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

can be very deadly and cause neurological damage

39
Q

prions

A

are protein-like agents that are transmitted by consumption of contaminated tissues such as muscle and brain or the use of donor tissues contaminated with the protein

40
Q

damaging effects of prions

A

causes proteins in the brain to undergo abnormal folding and change shape

41
Q

what areas of the body lack resident flora?

A

the lungs, brain, blood, bladder, and kidneys

42
Q

endemic meaning

A

infections constantly occurring in a population

43
Q

reservoir meaning

A

the source of infection

44
Q

direct contact

A

touching a lesion or sexual contact

45
Q

cause of syphilis

A

treponema pallidum

46
Q

indirect contact

A

involves an indirect mediator such as food or inanimate object that carries the organism

47
Q

Vector-born

A

when an insect or animal transmits the disease

48
Q

common infectious agent in nosocomial locations

A

c diff and s aureus

49
Q

factors increasing microbial virulence

A

endotoxins or exotoxins, production of destructive enzymes, spore formation, ability to avoid host defences, and presence of bacterial capsule or pilli

50
Q

what immune component can be used to treat cancer?

A

interferons

51
Q

Pathogenicity

A

refers to the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease

52
Q

what is virulence often expressed in?

A

the case fatality rate, which is the percentage of deaths occurring in the number of persons who develop the disease

53
Q

flesh eating bacteria

A

beta-hemolytic streptococcus; this is highly invasive and secretes enzymes that break down tissue, as well as proteases

54
Q

microorganisms resistant to treatment

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, P. falciparum, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, S. aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

55
Q

Antiseptics

A

are antimicrobial chemicals designed to be used on living tissue, such as isopropyl alcohol–70%, which is the active ingredient in hand sanitizers

56
Q

The principle of Universal Precautions is based on:

A

assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection.

57
Q

bacteremia meaning

A

Microbes present in the blood

58
Q

What are culture and sensitivity tests used for?

A

To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it

59
Q

Which of the following is the primary difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?

A

Antiseptic is used on living tissue, whereas disinfectant is designed for nonliving surfaces.

60
Q

bacteriostatic meaning

A

drugs that are designed to inhibit or slow down growth of microbes but not necessarily kill them

61
Q

what’s happening during the incubation period?

A

organisms are dividing enough to cause adverse effects

62
Q

3 stages of infection by microorganisms

A

incubation, prodromal, and acute

63
Q

focal infection meaning

A

the pathogen spreads to another tissue site

64
Q

toxemia

A

presence of toxins in the blood

65
Q

viremia

A

presence of virus in the blood

66
Q

viral vs bacterial exudates

A

viral is clear and serous, and bacterial is pus

67
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

swollen lymph nodes

68
Q

what is leukocytosis indicative of?

A

bacterial infection

69
Q

what is leukopenia indicative of?

A

viral infection

70
Q

how do antibacterials work?

A

block synthesis of the cell wall or interfere with cell metabolism

71
Q

Bactericidal

A

refers to drugs that kill bacteria

72
Q

bacteriostatic

A

drugs that inhibit bacterial reproduction

73
Q

what commonly develops after tetracycline medication?

A

candida infections in the mouth or vagina

74
Q

action of antifungals

A

interfere with mitosis in fungi and may increase fungal membrane permeability

75
Q

influenza

A

is a viral infection that impacts both the upper and lower respiratory tracts

76
Q

secondary infection common with influenza

A

pneumonia

77
Q

what virus group is influenza a part of?

A

myxovirus (RNA)

78
Q

most dangerous type of influenza

A

type A because it often mutates

79
Q

damaging effects of H1N1

A

formation of pulmonary emboli or altered capillary exchange in the alveoli of the lung

80
Q

how is influenza transmitted?

A

respiratory droplet and contact with contaminated surfaces

81
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

budding, spores, and extension of hyphae

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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