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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: nervous system review > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: nervous system review Flashcards

1
Q

meningitis

A

is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, and is caused by a virus, bacteria, or sometimes a parasite or fungus

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2
Q

complications of meningitis

A

hearing loss, memory difficulty, learning disabilities, brain damage, gait problems, seizures, kidney failure, shock, and death

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3
Q

why might the head enlarge in an infant?

A

if the sutures separate before they fuse, causing the head to enlarge

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4
Q

another name for cavities

A

fossae

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5
Q

name for openings in the skull

A

foramina

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6
Q

where do nerves and blood vessels pass in the skull

A

via canals

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7
Q

what meningeal layer can fill with blood after an injury?

A

the subdural space

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8
Q

where is CSF produced?

A

the choroid plexuses

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9
Q

what maintains a constant intracranial pressure?

A

CSF being produced and reabsorbed at the same rate

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10
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

is a protective mechanism provided primarily by relatively impermeable capillaries in the brain; the capillaries have endothelial cells that are joined by tight functions, limiting the passage of potentially damaging materials into the brain

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11
Q

blood-CSF barrier

A

similar to the blood-brain barrier and is located at the choroid plexus to control the constituents of CSF

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12
Q

what can pass the blood-brain barrier?

A

lipid-soluble substances, ex. alcohol

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13
Q

UMNs

A

the cells of the motor cortex of the frontal lobe that initiate specific voluntary movements; their axons form corticospinal tracts in the spinal cord

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14
Q

what does an association area do?

A

it recognizes and interprets the stimulus; ex. the primary visual cortex is in the occipital lobe and interprets vision

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15
Q

dominant hemisphere

A

is the side of the brain that controls language, for most it is the left side

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16
Q

two special areas involved in speech

A

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

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17
Q

Broca’s area

A

the motor or expressive speech area; the output of words is coordinated in an appropriate and understandable way

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18
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

is the integration center that comprehends language received

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19
Q

what is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

A

math, problem-solving, logic, and language

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20
Q

right hemisphere of the brain

A

artistic abilities, creativity, spatial relationships, and emotional and behavioral characteristics

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21
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

functions in coordinating complex cognitive behaviour, as well as providing components for expression of personality

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22
Q

basal nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies that are involved in coordination and control of body movement

23
Q

epithalamus

A

acts as the connection between the limbic system and other areas of the brain

24
Q

what supplies blood to the brain?

A

the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries

25
Q

what signal changes in blood pressure and where are they located?

A

presso/baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus

26
Q

what does each internal carotid artery branch into?

A

an anterior and middle cerebral artery

27
Q

what do the vertebral arteries join to form?

A

the basilar artery

28
Q

what does the basilar artery divide into?

A

the right and left posterior cerebral arteries

29
Q

where do the cranial nerves originate from?

A

the brainstem

30
Q

what cranial nerve supplies the viscera?

A

vagua (X)

31
Q

what 4 cranial nerves include parasympathetic fibres

A

III, VII, IX, and X

32
Q

3 things the spinal cord is protected by?

A

the bony vertebral column, the meninges, and the CSF

33
Q

where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1

34
Q

what is below the spinal cord?

A

the cauda equina which is a bundle of nerve roots

35
Q

what is the pyramidal tract?

A

the corticospinal tract

36
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

37
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

38
Q

plexuses

A

are where fibres from several spinal nerves branch and then re-form in different combination to become specific peripheral nerves; there are four

39
Q

four plexuses

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

40
Q

what do neurons require for metabolism?

A

glucose and O2

41
Q

what is myelin sheath created by?

A

schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS

42
Q

examples of neuroglia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells

43
Q

how are neurons regenerated?

A

after damage, the section distal to the injury degenerates and is removed by macrophages and Schwann cells; the Schwann cells then makes new axon and additional proteins are made by the cell body

44
Q

neurogenesis

A

is the production of new neurons in specific regions of the mammalian brain, often in the hippocampal area

45
Q

how can the electrical activity of the brain be monitored?

A

EEG (electroencephalogram)

46
Q

acetylcholine

A

present at neuromuscular junctions

47
Q

catecholamines

A

include norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, and are present in the brain

48
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter in the SNS

49
Q

serotonin

A

is involved in mood, emotions, and sleep

50
Q

most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

51
Q

most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord

A

glycine

52
Q

what can block the conduction of pain impulses in the brain and spinal cord?

A

enkephalins and beta-endorphins

53
Q

what neurotransmitter is adrenaline?

A

norepinephrine

Anatomy and Phyisology (72 decks)

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