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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: joint disorders > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: joint disorders Flashcards

1
Q

osteoarthritis prevalence

A

one in three adults have some degree of this, with men more affected

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2
Q

osteoarthritis

A

is a wear and tear joint disease, in which the articular cartilage is damaged and eroded, causing pain and inflammation of the joint

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3
Q

how does osteoarthritis develop?

A

the articular cartilage is damaged and eroded through stress, and the tissue damage causes the release of enzymes that accelerate the disintegration of the cartilage; the bone eventually is exposed, causing cysts, osteophytes, or new bone spurs to develop and break off into the synovial cavity; this causes the joint space to narrow and for inflammation to develop

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4
Q

osteophytes

A

bony lumps that grow on the bones in the spine or around joints

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5
Q

causes of osteoarthritis (primary and secondary)

A

primary is caused by obesity and aging and second is causes by injury or abuse; genetic factors, wear and tear, and sports also have an effect

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6
Q

most common affected joints in osteoarthritis

A

knees and hips

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7
Q

why is osteoarthritis a cycle?

A

because once the cartilage is damaged, joint alignment or the frictionless surface of the cartilage is lost, and then the mechanical stress is applied to other parts of the joint and to other joints

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8
Q

signs of osteoarthritis

A

pain and aching that occurs with movement and weight bearing, limited joint ROM, enlarged joints due to osteophytes, muscle atrophy, risk for falls, and crepitus may be heard

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9
Q

osteoarthritis diagnosis

A

not systemic so no other signs or changes in serum levels; other disorders must be ruled out; radiographic evidence may be used to look at joints

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10
Q

treatment for osteoarthritis

A

rest, minimizing impact on the joint, ambulatory aids like a cane, orthotic shoe inserts, PT, OT, static magnets, intra articular injection of synthetic synovial fluid, NSAIDs, analgesics, glucocorticoids, and sometimes surgery to replace joints

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11
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

is an autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammation disease; it more common in women

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12
Q

how does rheumatoid arthritis develop?

A

an abnormal immune response causes inflammation of the synovial membrane, along with vasodilation, increased permeability, and the formation of exudate, causing red, swollen and painful joints; often begins in the small joints in the fingers, followed by other joints like the wrists, eblows, knees

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13
Q

rheumatoid factor

A

is an antibody against immunoglobulin G

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14
Q

where does rheumatoid arthritis often develop?

A

the small joints first (such as the fingers), followed by larger joints like the elbows, wrists, and knees; TMJ and upper cervical vertebrae may also be affected

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15
Q

order of events in rheumatoid arthritis

A

synovitis, pannus formation, cartilage erosion, fibrosis, and ankylosis

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16
Q

panus formation

A

granulation tissue from the synovium spreads over the articular cartilage; this tissue which is called pannus releases enzymes and inflammatory mediators that destroy the cartilage

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17
Q

cartilage erosion

A

cartilage is eroded by enzymes from the pannus and the nutrients that are normally supplied by the synovial fluid to the cartilage are cut off by the pannus

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18
Q

fibrosis in RA

A

in time, the pannus between the bone ends becomes fibrotic, limiting movement and this calcifies

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19
Q

ankylosis

A

joint fixation and deformity develop

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20
Q

nodules

A

are small granulomas on blood vessels

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21
Q

what besides the inflammation process occurs in rheumatoid arthritis exacerbations?

A

muscles atrophy, leading to stretched tendons and ligaments; bone alignment shifts; muscle spasms may occur, causing misalignment; contractures and deformities with subluxation develop; and systemic signs

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22
Q

systemic effects of rheumatoid arthritis

A

nodules (small granulomas on blood vessels) may form on the pleura, heart valves, or eyes; fatigue, depression, malaise, anorexia and low-grade fever may also develop in response to circulating immune factors

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23
Q

causes of rheumatoid arthritis

A

genetic factors that cause autoimmune disorders, viral infections, and more common in older women

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24
Q

signs of rheumatoid arthritis

A

mild general aching, stiffness after rest, inflammation of the fingers and wrist, red and swollen joints, impaired joint movement, malocclusion of the teeth when TMJ is involved, and systemic signs (fatigue, anorexia, mild fever)

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25
Q

what occurs with each exacerbation of the disease?

A

the function of the affected joints is further impaired; eventually the joint is no longer inflamed but is fixed and deformed (burned out)

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26
Q

testing for rheumatoid arthritis

A

synovial fluid analysis and sometimes the presence of rheumatoid fever in the blood

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27
Q

treatment for rheumatoid arthritis

A

a balance between rest and moderate activity, PT, OT, aspirin, NSAIDs, or glucocorticoids, and sometimes immunosuppressants (ex. methotrexate), heat and cold, splints, wrist supports, and sometimes surgery

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28
Q

what NSAID inhibits prostaglandin during inflammation?

A

celecoxib which can be effective in RA, but may have risks associated with MIs and strokes

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29
Q

what are disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs?

A

gold salts, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine

30
Q

what drug block tumor necrosis factor?

A

this is an inflammatory cytokine present in RA; infliximab is the drug

31
Q

what drugs are used for pain in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

beta-cell depleting agents and interleukin-1 antagonists

32
Q

how is surgery used for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

can remove pannus, replace damaged tendons, reduce contractures, or replace joints; more common in the hands

33
Q

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

the onset is more acute than the adult form, systemic effects are more present, large joints are affected, and rheumatic factor and rheumatoid nodules are absent

34
Q

what is the antibody present in JRA?

A

antinuclear

35
Q

still disease

A

is the systemic form of JRA and develops with fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and hepatomegaly

36
Q

uveitis

A

inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid in the eye

37
Q

examples of types of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

still disease (systemic form), polyarticular inflammation, and uveitis (eye inflammation)

38
Q

infectious arthritis

A

aka septic arthritis; usually develops in a single joint and the joint is red, swollen, painful, with decreased ROM; is caused by a bacteria

39
Q

causes of infectious arthritis

A

bacterial infection from for example gonococcus or staphylococcus; can also develop from osteomyelitis infections

40
Q

how is infectious arthritis treated?

A

immediate aggressive antimicrobials treatment

41
Q

lyme disease

A

is caused by a spirochete and transmitted by ticks; a migratory arthritis and rash develop, in which the knee and other large joints are affected

42
Q

psoriatic arthritis

A

is an autoimmune form of arthritis that is accompanied by the skin disease psoriasis; there are five forms

43
Q

five forms of psoriatic arthritis

A

symmetric, asymmetric, distal interphalangeal dominant, spondylitis, and arthritis mutilans

44
Q

causes of psoriatic arthritis

A

unknown but is a combination of genetic and environmental factors

45
Q

symptoms for psoriatic arthritis

A

swollen, tender joints, morning stiffness, swollen fingers and toes, painful muscles and tendons, scaly skin patches, flaky scalp, fatigue, nail pitting, seperation of the nail from the nail bed, eye redness, and eye pain

46
Q

treatment for psoriatic arthritis

A

NSAIDs, DMARDs, biologics, steroids, immunosuppressants, topical treatments, and light therapy

47
Q

gouty arthritis

A

is a joint disease the results from deposits of uric acid and urate crystals in the joint that then cause an acute inflammatory response usually in a single joint

48
Q

who is gouty arthritis common in?

A

men > 40

49
Q

uric acid

A

is a waste productnof purine metabolism that is normally excreted through the kidneys

50
Q

hyperuricemia

A

may develop if renal excretion is not adequate or due to a metabolic abnormality

51
Q

what precipitates an attack of gout?

A

a sudden increase in serum uric acid levels

52
Q

acute gout inflammation episode

A

usually a single joint is affected and the articular cartilage is damaged, causing redness, swelling, and pain of the joint

53
Q

tophus

A

is a large, hard nodule consisting of urate crystals that have been precipitated in soft tissue or bone, causing a local inflammatory reaction

54
Q

where do tophus develop?

A

at the joint bursae, the extensor surfaces of the forearm, or the pinnae of the ear

55
Q

treatment for gouty arthritis

A

reducing serum uric acid levels by drugs and dietary changes; increasing fluid and increasing the pH will cause more uric acid excretion; colchicine is used during an acute episode and allopurinol is used as a preventative measure

56
Q

what is the risk of uric acid in the blood?

A

kidney stones may develop

57
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

is a chronic progressive inflammatory conditions that affects the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, and costovertebral joints of the axial skeleton

58
Q

risk population for ankylosing spondylitis

A

more common in men and ages 20-30

59
Q

causes of ankylosing spondylitis

A

it is an autoimmune disorder with a genetic basis and the presence of the HLA-B27 antigen

60
Q

what happens in ankylosing spondylitis?

A

the vertebral joints become inflamed, followed by fibrosis and calcification or fusion of the joint, and this results in ankylosis of fixation of the joints; inflammation develops in the lower back, followed by kyphosis; osteoporosis and lung expansion difficulties may develop as a result

61
Q

signs of ankylosing spondylitis?

A

low back pain, morning stiffness, pain that radiates to the legs, rigid spine, systemic signs like fatigue, fever, and weight loss, and uveitis

62
Q

treatment for ankylosing spondylitis

A

pain relief and maintenance of mobility, along with sleeping supine, exercising, and antiinflammatory drugs

63
Q

bursitis

A

is an inflammation of the bursae associated with bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments

64
Q

bursae

A

small, fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions at or near the structures of joints

65
Q

causes of bursitis

A

repetitive motions that physically irritate the bursae, ex. washing floors on hands and knees and throwing a baseball

66
Q

diagnosis of bursitis

A

physical examination (looks for red, swollen, achy and stiff joints) and MRI

67
Q

treatment for bursitis

A

rest, cold compress, anti inflammatory drugs, PT, and antibiotics (when infection is the cause)

68
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the joint; movement of the joint is painful and the joint is swollen, red, and warm

69
Q

how is synovitis diagnosed?

A

analyzing the synovial fluid for signs of infection or crystals

70
Q

tendonitis

A

is the irritation or inflammation of the tendon, often characterized by a dull ache at the site of tendon attachment, tenderness, and mild swelling

71
Q

tendinitis causes

A

a sudden, single trauma or repetitive motions

Anatomy and Phyisology (71 decks)

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