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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH endocrine review > Flashcards

HLTH endocrine review Flashcards

1
Q

hormones affecting blood glucose levels

A

insulin, cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon, and GH

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2
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary gland

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3
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

steroid hormones

A

are lipids and enter the cell to act on the nucleus to engage in transcription of mRNA

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5
Q

nonsteroid hormones

A

require a second messenger for the formation of mRNA

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6
Q

GH role

A

stimulates protein synthesis

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7
Q

glucagon role

A

increase blood glucose and stimulates glycogenolysis; released from alpha pancreatic cells

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8
Q

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

increase metabolic rate in all cells

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9
Q

what cells release insulin

A

beta pancreatic cells

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10
Q

role of insulin

A

promotes movement of glucose into cells

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11
Q

most common cause of endocrine disorders

A

an adenoma which is a benign tumor; this causes either a deficit or excessive amount of hormone secretion

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12
Q

tropic hormone meaning

A

hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands

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13
Q

ectopic source of hormone meaning

A

hormones are secreted from an outside source such as in bronchogenic cancer; in these cases, levels or tropic hormones are low

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14
Q

what hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and then transported to the neurohypophysis?

A

ADH and oxytocin; these are the only 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland

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15
Q

FSH in men

A

stimulates sperm production

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16
Q

LH in men

A

stimulates testosterone production

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17
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

is caused by a deficit of insulin secretion or impaired uptake of glucose by cells (insulin resistance)

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18
Q

anabolic hormone meaning

A

it synthesizes complex substances from simple molecules; insulin is an anabolic hormone

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19
Q

what do deficient insulin levels result in?

A

abnormal fat, carb, and protein metabolism because transport of amino acids and glucose into cells is impaired

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20
Q

what structures do not depend on glucose uptake?

A

the brain, digestive tract, and skeletal muscle

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21
Q

type I diabetes

A

usually develops in children but can develop in adults and results from an autoimmune issue or genetic factors; the pancreatic beta cells are destroyed and there is an absolute insulin deficiency, therefore replacement is needed

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22
Q

risks of diabetes

A

strokes, MIs, peripheral vascular disease, amputation, kidney failure, and blindness

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23
Q

type II diabetes

A

is characterized by decreased effectiveness of insulin or relative deficit of insulin and often develops later in life due to lifestyle and obesity

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24
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

common in adolescents and can lead to type II diabetes; is marked by obesity, cardiovascular changes, and significant insulin resistance due to increased adipose tissue

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25
Q

gestational diabetes

A

occurs during pregnancy but disappears after

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26
Q

latent autoimmune diabetes

A

is a slow onset of type I diabetes in adults

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27
Q

maturity-onset diabetes of the young

A

is caused by a mutation is an autosomal dominant gene

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28
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

not related to insulin but to a deficit of ADH or the kidneys do not respond to the hormone

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29
Q

diabetes insipidus signs

A

polyuria and increased thirst; dehydration may develop

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30
Q

polydipsia

A

refers to dehydration causing thirst due to insulin deficit

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31
Q

polyphagia

A

refers to stimulates appetite due to cells having a lack of nutrients resulting from insulin deficit

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32
Q

why does diabetic ketoacidosis occur?

A

a lack of glucose causing catabolism of fats and proteins, breaking fats down into fatty acids and their metabolites called ketones; ketones bind with HCO3-, decreasing the pH

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33
Q

what are ketones?

A

acetone and two organic acids (beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid)

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34
Q

signs of diabetes

A

thirst, hunger, polyuria (especially at night), dry mouth, itchy skin, and blurred vision

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35
Q

3 P’s

A

polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia; these are the initial diabetes signs

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36
Q

blood level to confirm diabetes diagnosis

A

> 126 mg/Dl

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37
Q

3 tests for diabetes

A

the fasting blood glucose level, glucose tolerance test, and glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)

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38
Q

glucometer

A

is an at home machine used to test blood glucose levels

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39
Q

benefits of exercise for diabetes

A

exercise increase the uptake of glucose from muscles without increasing insulin use

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40
Q

risk of prolonged exercise

A

hypoglycemia

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41
Q

first drug of choice for type II diabetes

A

metformin; this reduces insulin resistance and is used when exercise and diet are not effective

42
Q

why must insulin be injected?

A

because it will be destroyed in the GI tract if taken orally

43
Q

3 types of insulin’s

A

rapid-onset, short acting; intermediate acting; and slow-onset, long acting

44
Q

example of an intermediate acting insulin

A

lente

45
Q

example of a slow-acting, long lasting insulin

A

protamine zinc or ultralente

46
Q

when may insulin doses be adjusted?

A

infection with high fever and vomiting or surgery

47
Q

when might hypoglycemia develop for those with diabetes?

A

following exercise, vomiting, skipping a meal, or an error in dosage

48
Q

why does a lack of glucose affect the nervous system?

A

neurons need glucose but cannot use fats or proteins

49
Q

signs of hypoglycemia

A

are related to impaired neurological function (lack of coordination, slurred speech, and poor concentration) and the activation of the SNS (increased pulse, pale skin, anxiety, and tremors)

50
Q

what is ketoacidosis caused by?

A

usually infection or stress, but also may result from an error in dosage or overindulgence in foods or alcohol

51
Q

signs of ketoacidosis characterization

A

are characterized by dehydration, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance

52
Q

dehydration signs of ketoacidosis

A

thirst, rough and dry oral mucosa, warm and dry skin, rapid, weak pulse, low BP, and oliguria

53
Q

acidosis signs of ketoacidosis

A

rapid deep respirations, acetone breath, lethargy, and decreased responsiveness

54
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

refers to rapid, deep respirations heard in ketoacidosis

55
Q

signs of electrolyte imbalances in ketoacidosis

A

abdominal cramping, weakness, lethargy, and nausea/vomiting

56
Q

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma

A

common in those with type II diabetes and occurs often following an overindulgence in carbohydrates, resulting in hyperglycemia and dehydration

57
Q

signs of a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma

A

neurologic defects, muscle weakness, difficulties with speech, and abnormal reflexes

58
Q

3 types of macroangiopathy complications with diabetes

A

MI, stroke, and peripheral vascular disorder; these develop due to hypertension and hyperlipidemia

59
Q

3 types of microangiopathy complications with diabetes

A

damage to the eyes, kidneys and nervous system; this results due to the capillary basement membrane becoming thick and hard, leading to obstruction or rupture

60
Q

what causes ulcers to develop with diabetes

A

obstruction of the arteries in the lower limbs and this can be aggravated by peripheral neuropathy

61
Q

peripheral neuropathy signs

A

impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle wasting

62
Q

why are infections more common in diabetics?

A

due to vascular impairment which decreases tissue resistance, increased blood glucose levels, and decreased healing from decreased insulin

63
Q

common infections in diabetics

A

tuberculosis, candidal infections, and periodontal disease/dental caries

64
Q

why may diabetes lead to cataracts?

A

due to abnormal glucose metabolism that results in accumulated sorbitol and water in the lens, which may lead to blindness

65
Q

how do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?

A

they stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin

66
Q

tetany

A

muscle twitching and spasms that can be caused by hypocalcemia; first noticed in the hands and face

67
Q

hypoparathyroidism causes

A

autoimmune, radiation or surgery in the neck, or a congenital disorder

68
Q

general effects of hypocalcemia

A

weak cardiac muscle contraction and excitability of nerves

69
Q

hyperparathyroidism causes

A

is caused by an adenoma, hyperplasia, or secondary to renal failure

70
Q

general effects of hypercalcemia

A

forceful cardiac contractions and osteoporosis; also creates an increased risk for kidney stones

71
Q

signs of pressure on the brain resulting from tumors

A

headaches, seizures, visual disturbances, and drowsiness

72
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

cessation of pituitary function due to a tumor, resulting in loss of gonadal, thyroid, and adrenal function

73
Q

dwarfism

A

is due to a deficit of GH or somatotropin-releasing hormone; intelligence and proportions are normal, but there is a delay is skeletal maturation and puberty

74
Q

gigantism

A

is an excess of GH before closure of the epiphyses and puberty

75
Q

acromegaly

A

is excess GH as an adult and is usually caused by an adenoma; soft tissues grow, bones become larger and heavier, the skull thickens, the facial features change, and the hands and feet are larger

76
Q

complications of acromegaly

A

thickening of the skull may compress nerves and vessels, carpal tunnel syndrome, large tongue, and protruding jaw are common; this also affects glucose metabolism so there is an increased risk for diabetes; hypertension may also develop

77
Q

inappropriate ADH syndrome

A

is due to excess ADH which results in fluid retention and signs are related to hyponatremia so are mental confusion and irritability

78
Q

two thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

79
Q

goiter

A

is an enlargement of the thyroid gland which is visible on the neck; may be due to both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid issues

80
Q

complications of goiters

A

can cause pressure on the esophagus or trachea, interfering with swallowing

81
Q

endemic goiter

A

is a hypothyroid condition caused in certain geographical areas when there are low iodine levels in the soil and food; this causes high TSH levels, causing hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the thyroid gland

82
Q

role of iodine for thyroid

A

is it used to synthesize T3 and T4

83
Q

goitrogens

A

are foods that contain elements that block synthesis of T3 and T4 but increase TSH secretions, causing hyperplasia of the thyroid gland; can be cabbage, turnips, fluoride, and lithium

84
Q

toxic goiter

A

is a hyperthyroid resulting from hyperactivity of the thyroid gland often due to increased secretions of TSH

85
Q

graves disease

A

is a hyperthyroid condition related to an autoimmune factor, causing hypermetabolism, toxic goiter, and exophthalmos; is common in women 30+

86
Q

exophthalmos

A

is protruding, staring eyes with decreased blinking; is a result of increased tissue mass in the eye and increased SNS stimulation; common in graves disease

87
Q

thyrotoxic crisis

A

occurs in those with hyperthyroidism and may follow surgery or infection; causes hyperthermia, tachycardia, and delirium

88
Q

general hyperthyroidism signs

A

tachycardia, heat intolerance, high metabolic rate, flushed and warm skin, and restlessness

89
Q

general hypothyroidism signs

A

brachycardia, cold intolerance, low metabolic rate, pale, cool, and edema skin, and slow intellectual functions

90
Q

hashimoto thyroiditis

A

is an autoimmune disorder and is hypothyroidism

91
Q

myxedema

A

is characterized by thick tongue and nonpitting edema, often in the face; is a hypothyroidism condition

92
Q

cretinism

A

is a congenital hypothyroidism disorder when the thyroid gland is absent or nonfunctional and this severely impacts growth

93
Q

causes of cretinism

A

iodine deficiency during pregnancy or a developmental defect

94
Q

signs of cretinism

A

delayed growth, extreme lethargy, feeding difficulties, delayed tooth eruption, and large, protruding tongue

95
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

is a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes secretions of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other hormones; tumor originates in the sympathetic chain

96
Q

signs of a pheochromocytoma

A

hypertension, headache, sweating, anxiety, and heart palpitations; catecholamines are also released reinforcing these

97
Q

cushing syndrome

A

is an excess of glucocorticoids often caused by an adenoma on the adrenal medulla or posterior pituitary, an ectopic carcinoma, or large intake of glucocorticoids for medication

98
Q

signs of cushing syndrome

A

moon face, fat on the back of the neck, muscle wasting, fragile skin, increased hair growth, osteoporosis, hypertension, and edema

99
Q

complications of cushing’s syndrome

A

diabetes, osteoporosis, and suppression of the immune response

100
Q

addison’s disease

A

is a deficiency of adrenocortical secretions including glucocorticoids, androgens, and mineralocorticoids; usually is caused by autoimmune conditions in which infection will destroy the adrenal gland

101
Q

signs of addison’s disease

A

fatigue, poor stress response, decreased blood glucose levels, low BP, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, decreased body hair, and frequent infections

102
Q

multiple endocrine neoplasia type I

A

is a rare genetic disorder caused by a gene mutation that affects endocrine glands and can cause benign tumors to develop that interfere with hormone secretion

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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