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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: kidney review > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: kidney review Flashcards

1
Q

where are the majority of the glomeruli located?

A

in the cortex of the kidneys

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2
Q

what form the filtration unit for blood?

A

the renal capsule that is the Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

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3
Q

what happens when the filtration pressure increases?

A

more filtrate forms and more urine is produced

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4
Q

transport maximum

A

is a limit of reabsorption of certain molecules, ex. glucose can only be absorbed so much so it is common for glucosuria to be present

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5
Q

glucosuria

A

presence of glucose in the urine

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6
Q

ADH

A

released from the posterior pituitary to alter the reabsorption of water in the DCT and CT

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7
Q

aldosterone

A

is secreted by the adrenal cortex and controls sodium reabsorption and water in the DCT

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8
Q

ANH

A

is released from the heart and reduces sodium and fluid reabsorption in the kidneys

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9
Q

what does each renal artery pass through?

A

the renal pelvis

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10
Q

why is any obstruction of blood flow in the kidneys dangerous?

A

because there are no anastomoses present between the interlobar and arcuate arteries, therefore no alternative blood supply is available to a kidney lobe is there is an obstruction

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11
Q

3 factors controlling constriction in the arterioles

A

local autoregulation, the SNS, and the renin-angiotensin mechanism

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12
Q

autoregulation of arterioles

A

these are small, local reflex adjustments in the diameter of the arterioles made in response to minor change in blood flow in the kidneys

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13
Q

blood pressure and renal disease

A

BP is typically elevated

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14
Q

ex. of a renin-blocking drug

A

beta-adrenergic blocking drugs

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15
Q

why is urine flow often obstructed in older men?

A

due to hypertrophy of the prostate

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16
Q

incontinence

A

is the loss of voluntary control of the bladder

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17
Q

causes of incontinence

A

diabetes, pregnancy or childbirth, overactive bladder, enlarged prostate, weak bladder muscles, UTIs, diseases like parkinson’s or multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, or severe constipation

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18
Q

enuresis

A

is involuntary urination by a child after age 4-5 when bladder control is expected, most children only have this at night

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19
Q

factors causing enuresis

A

developmental delays, sleep patterns, or psychosocial aspects

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20
Q

stress incontinence

A

occurs when increased intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the sphincter and this can occur with coughing, lifting, or laughing

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21
Q

overflow incontinence

A

results from an incompetent bladder sphincter, causing a dribble or leak of urine

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22
Q

spinal cord injuries and miturication

A

can cause flaccid or spastic bladder due to interference with the CNS and ANS; if the injury is at the sacral level, retention may occur

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23
Q

retention

A

is an inability to empty the bladder and may be accompanied by overflow incontinence; this is common after anesthesia

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24
Q

catheter

A

is a tube inserted in the urethra that drains urine from the bladder to a collecting bag outside the body; this prevent kidney damage but commonly cause infections

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25
Q

cloudy urine

A

may indicate large presence of protein, blood cells, bacteria, or pus

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26
Q

dark coloured urine

A

may indicate hematuria, excessive bilirubin content, or highly concentrated urine

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27
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

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28
Q

unpleasant odor urine

A

may indicate infection or result from certain foods or medications

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29
Q

what is hematuria associated with?

A

infection, inflammation, or tumors in the urinary tract; gross hematuria (large number of RBCs) may indicate increased glomerular permeability or hemorrhage

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30
Q

proteinuria

A

indicates the leakage of mixed plasma proteins into the filtrate owing to inflammation and increased glomerular permeability; albuminuria refers to albumin

31
Q

bacteriuria or pyuria

A

indicates infection in the urinary tract; pyuria is pus

32
Q

urinary casts

A

are microscopic molds on the tubules, consisting of one or more cells, bacteria, protein, etc. and these indicated inflammation of the kidney tubules

33
Q

low specific gravity of urine

A

usually is related to renal failure (assuming normal dehydration)

34
Q

what is found in the urine when diabetes mellitus is not controlled well?

A

glucose and ketones

35
Q

what in the urine signifies a failure to excrete nitrogenous wastes?

A

urea and creatinine and these are attributed to decreased GFR

36
Q

what in the urine signifies metabolic acidosis?

A

low pH and low HCO3- and this indicates decreased GFR and failure of the tubules to control the acid-base balance

37
Q

what in the urine signifies bone marrow depression?

A

low hemoglobin

38
Q

what in the urine signifies decreased erythropoietin secretion?

A

low hemoglobin

39
Q

what in the urine may be used for a diagnosis of postreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

antibody levels of antistreptolysin O or antistreptokinase

40
Q

what do high renin levels indicate?

A

hypertension

41
Q

what is used to asses GFR?

A

clearance tests like creatinine or inulin clearance or radioisotope studies

42
Q

what can be used to visualize the structures and any abnormalities of the urinary system?

A

radiologic tests, angiography, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and intravenous pyelography

43
Q

cystoscopy

A

visualizes the lower urinary tract and may be used in performing a biopsy or removing kidney stones

44
Q

diuretics

A

are “water pills” used to remove excess sodium ions and water from the body, therefore increasing the excretion of water, also causes edema to decrease

45
Q

what are diuretics commonly prescribed for?

A

hypertension, edema, CHF, liver disease, and pulmonary edema

46
Q

most common action of diuretics and 2 examples

A

inhibit NaCl reabsorption; ex. hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide

47
Q

major side effects of diuretics

A

excessive loss of electrolytes which may cause muscle weakness or cardiac arrhythmias

48
Q

what is important to replace when taking diuretics?

A

potassium and other electrolytes

49
Q

example of a potassium sparing diuretic

A

spironolactone; this is often taking in combination with thiazides

50
Q

hydrochlorothiazide

A

inhibits reabsorption of Na+ and H20 in DCT; it helps with hypertension, CHF, and edema

51
Q

furosemide

A

decreases reabsorption of Na+ and H20 in PCT, loop of henle, and the DCT; it works with hypertension, CHF, edema, renal disease, and liver disease

52
Q

spironolactone

A

is an aldosterone antagonist and blocks reabsorption of Na+ and K+ in the DCT; it works for CHF, hypertension, and liver disease

53
Q

acetazolamide

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that blocks reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of H+; is used for CHF and glaucoma

54
Q

example of a thiazide type drug

A

hydrochlorothiazide

55
Q

example of a loop diuretic

A

furosemide

56
Q

example of a potassium sparing diuretic

A

spironolactone

57
Q

mannitol

A

is given intravenous and increases osmotic pressure and water in the filtrate and reduces Na+ reabsorption; is used for cerebral edema and glaucoma

58
Q

example of an osmotic diuretic

A

mannitol

59
Q

risks of diuretics

A

xerostomia (dry mouth), dental caries, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension

60
Q

dialysis

A

provides an artificial kidney which can be used to sustain life after the kidneys fail

61
Q

how much kidney do you need to survive?

A

half of one

62
Q

who is dialysis used for?

A

to treat someone who has acute renal failure, for those in end-stage renal failure until a transplant is available, or those experiencing rejection from a transplant

63
Q

what is restricted for those with dialysis?

A

diet, protein, fluid intake, and electrolytes

64
Q

two forms of dialysis

A

hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

65
Q

hemodialysis

A

is provided in a hospital, dialysis center, or home with special equipment; the patients blood usually from the arm is attached to a machine where the exchange of wastes, fluid, and electrolytes takes place

66
Q

what separates the patients blood from the dialysis fluid in a hemodialysis?

A

a semipermeable membrane

67
Q

dialysate

A

the dialysis fluid

68
Q

how often does hemodialysis take place?

A

three times a week for sessions about 3-4 hours

69
Q

potential complications of dialysis

A

infected shunt, blood clots, and a risk for hep B, C, or HIV; peritonitis is a risk for peritoneal dialysis

70
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

is administered in a dialysis unit or at home, in which a catheter is implanted in the peritoneal cavity, allowing for the exchange of wastes and electrolytes to occur here

71
Q

what serves as the exchange membrane in peritoneal dialysis?

A

the peritoneal membrane

72
Q

is hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis longer?

A

peritoneal

73
Q
A

Anatomy and Phyisology (72 decks)

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