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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: diseases associated with adolescence > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: diseases associated with adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

what do the biological chances typical of adolescence result from?

A

the hormonal activity stimulated by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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2
Q

GnRh

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone; this is released from the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary (LH and FSH)

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3
Q

gonadotropins

A

are LH and FSH

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4
Q

why does linear growth occur for longer in males?

A

because the epiphyseal closure is delayed in males

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5
Q

why do males develop more muscle mass than females?

A

because of the anabolic action of male sex hormones (androgens and testosterone)

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6
Q

in what stages does adolescence growth occur in?

A

first limb growth, then hip and shoulder, then and increase in muscle maass

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7
Q

what nutrients are important during adolescence development?

A

Ca+ and vitamin D

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8
Q

how is the cardiovascular system impacted during adolescence growth?

A

the BV is increased as well as the strength of cardiac contractions, although pulse rate decreases

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9
Q

burning fat and adolescence

A

is begins to decrease after puberty due to metabolic changes; thus obesity can be common in younger individuals

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10
Q

what can obesity as an adolescent lead to?

A

increased risk for diabetes type 2, cardiovascular disease (due to increased blood cholesterol and elevated BP), strokes and permanent joint damage (due to musculoskeletal problems)

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11
Q

overweight vs obese

A

overweight refers to an excess of muscle, bone, fat or water whereas obese is an excess of fat

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12
Q

how is obesity determined?

A

BMI (body mass index); this is calculated based on age, height, and weight

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13
Q

when is an adolescent considered obese?

A

when the BMI is at the 95th percentile or greater for their age; 85th-94th percentile is at risk for obesity

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14
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

may be defined in various ways but includes three factors: presence of significant abdominal fat, changes in glucose metabolism, and changes in lipoprotein metabolism

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15
Q

how prevalent is metabolic syndrome?

A

present in 1-4% of children and adolescents and 49% of those who are clinically obese young people

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16
Q

primary cause of metabolic syndrome?

A

obesity

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17
Q

what is the underlying cause of metabolic syndrome?

A

is the release of insulin antagonists by adipose tissue, thus more body fat results in more insulin resistance

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18
Q

why are musculoskeletal disorders common in adolescents?

A

because muscular development lags behind skeletal growth, thus, less support is available for the weight-bearing areas

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19
Q

kyphosis

A

aka hunchback and is an increase in the convexity of the thoracic spine; a milder form may develop in adolescents

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20
Q

what is commonly the cause of kyphosis in adults?

A

secondary to osteoporosis or tuberculosis

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21
Q

what do teens often present kyphosis?

A

because they are taller than their peers, insecure about this breasts, or muscle support is inadequate

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22
Q

what are complications of kyphosis?

A

it can interfere with lung expansion and ventilation

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23
Q

lordosis

A

is an exaggerated concave lumbar curvature or swayback

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24
Q

causes of lordosis in adolescents

A

poor posture and obesity (because the center of gravity for the body is altered and can cause changes in vertebral alignment)

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25
Q

scoliosis

A

is a lateral curvature of the spine affecting both the thoracic or lumbar area, and may be accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae

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26
Q

scoliosis and adolescence

A

may become greater during growth sprouts

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27
Q

2 classifications of scoliosis

A

structural or functional

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28
Q

structural scoliosis

A

is a primary spinal deformity, of which 80% are idiopathic and genetic factors play a role; females are impacted much more; 2 subgroups are congenital and degenerative

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29
Q

congenital scoliosis

A

is part of structural group and includes developmental defects such as hemivertebrae and urinary tract disorders

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30
Q

degenerative scoliosis

A

may develop in older individuals with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis which create an unstable vertebral column

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31
Q

functional scoliosis

A

develops secondary to another problems such as unequal leg length, spinal nerve compression, or unequal spinal muscle support

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32
Q

what are possible results of unequal spinal muscle support?

A

loss of the normal curvature which can result from partial paralysis, trauma, MD, cerebral palsy, or spinal tumors

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33
Q

signs of abnormal spinal curvature of scolosis

A

loss of alignment of the hip and shoulder and rotation of the vertebrae which affects the pelvis and thorax

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34
Q

treatment of scoliosis

A

exercise, braces, but most often surgery is required using instrumentation and fusion of the vertebrae

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35
Q

osteomyelitis

A

is an infection of the bone and is associated with minor trauma such as fractures and soft tissue injury

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36
Q

who is osteomyelitis common in?

A

younger males

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37
Q

why may osteomyelitis develop?

A

because a bruise or sprain leaves the area vulnerable to blood-borne organisms from another site such as a skin boil, an abscess, or sinusitis

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38
Q

most common organism causing osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

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39
Q

most common site of infection for osteomyelitis

A

the metaphysis of the femur or tibia

40
Q

what is a predisposing condition to osteomyelitis?

A

sickle cell anemia

41
Q

phases occurring in osteomyelitis

A

a local accumulation of pus creates pressure on the bone, periosteum, and nerves; new bone grows around the infected site; the pressure may tear the periosteum and create a sinus or passage through the soft tissue, spreading the infection; and joint involvement and inflammation may occur

42
Q

signs of osteomyelitis

A

inflammation signs and systemic signs of infections (fever, leukocytosis, malaise, and irritability)

43
Q

treatment for osteomyelitis

A

aggressive antimicrobials that can penetrate the bone and surgery if the infection persists

44
Q

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

A

is a group of autoimmune diseases that cause chronic inflammation in the CT areas such as joints; this is often marked by remissions and exacerbations

45
Q

how is JRA different from adult RA?

A

the onset is more marked, large joints are frequently affected, systemic effects are more present, and RF is absent

46
Q

three subgroups of JRA

A

are based on the joints affected, the types of antibodies in the blood, and the other effects

47
Q

still disease

A

is a type of JRA that is distinguished by systemic effects that cause a high fever, skin rash, and enlarged spleen

48
Q

causes of JRA

A

not known but is linked to a genetic factor, environmental agents, or infectious agents

49
Q

who is JRA common in?

A

children aged 2-5 or 9-12

50
Q

what happens in JRA?

A

the synovial membrane is inflamed and the cartilage erodes, causing red, swollen, and tender joints with impaired mobility and not too severe pain; adhesions may form is persists for long

51
Q

serum levels of those with JRA

A

high WBCs and antinuclear antibodies

52
Q

complications of JRA

A

hip involvement or inflammation of the eye (iridocyclitis)

53
Q

treatment for JRA

A

NSAIDS, glucocorticoids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, PT, and exercise (particularly swimming)

54
Q

example of a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug

A

methotrexate

55
Q

general medical concern with eating disorders

A

poor nutrition on growth and development

56
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

is an extreme loss of weight because of self-starvation in the absence of another disease

57
Q

what are factors driving individuals to anorexia nervosa?

A

perfectionists, high achievers, family conflict, confused perception of sexulaity, and a fear of fatness

58
Q

word for thin and wasted

A

emaciated

59
Q

signs of anorexia nervosa

A

emaciation, amenorrhea, low body temperature, cold intolerance, low BP, slow HR, dry skin, brittle nails, and development of fine body hair (lanugo)

60
Q

lanugo

A

fine body hair

61
Q

lack of menstrual cycle word

A

amenorrhea

62
Q

complications for anorexia nervosa

A

low Ca+ intake can lead to osteoporosis, impaired kidney function, impaired cardiovascular function, hypokalemia hyponatremia can cause cardiac arrhythmias or arrest

63
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

is characterized by binge eating followed by purging

64
Q

complications of bulimia nervosa

A

anemia, menstrual irregularities, electrolyte imbalance causing cardiac arrhythmias, tetany, severe abdominal pain, and oral cavity problems

65
Q

tetany

A

involuntary muscle contractions and overstimulated PNS nerves

66
Q

how is the oral cavity impacted with bulimia?

A

erosion of tooth enamel, increased dental caries, tears and ulcers in the oral mucosa, enlarged parotid and submandibular glands and chronic esophagitis

67
Q

binge eating disorder

A

is characterized by the frequent intake of large amounts of food but lacks purging

68
Q

acne vulgaris

A

is a common skin infection that occurs in adolescence and teen years and is associated with sebaceous glands and hair follicles on the face, neck, and upper trunk

69
Q

why does acne increase during puberty?

A

because the sebaceous glands increase in activity, resulting in plugged pores and infection

70
Q

two types of lesions in acne vulgaris

A

comedones or inflammatory

71
Q

name for whiteheads

A

comedones and inflammatory acne

72
Q

comedones

A

are noninflammatory collections of sebum, sloughed epithelial cells, and bacteria that clog the gland and prevent normal drainage

73
Q

inflammatory acne

A

occurs when infection causes the hair follicles swell and rupture by the propionibacterium acne; the bacterium breaks down into the sebum, breaking down the sebum into irritating fatty acids; after this, the staphylococcal organisms invade and create a pustule

74
Q

2 microorganisms involved in inflammatory acne

A

propionibacterium acne and staphylococcus

75
Q

risk factors for acne

A

genetic factors, increased androgen levels, premenstrual hormonal fluctuations, oily creams, certain drugs, heavy or irritating clothing, backpacks, helmets, and heat or humidity

76
Q

medical treatment for acne

A

involves benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, isotretinoin or antibacterial agents like tetracycline

77
Q

full name for mono

A

infectious mononucleosis

78
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

is an acute infection affecting lymphocytes (B) through invading epithelial cells in the nasopharynx or oropharynx and penetrating to the lymphoid tissue

79
Q

what causes infectious mononucleosis?

A

epstein-barr virus (part of the herpes group)

80
Q

how is infectious mononucleosis transmitted?

A

infected saliva (hence kissing), airborne droplets, and blood

81
Q

incubation period for infectious mononucleosis

A

4-6 weeks

82
Q

signs of infectious mononucleosis

A

sore throat, headache, fever, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, and rash on trunk

83
Q

testing for infectious mononucleosis

A

blood test demonstrating an increase in atypical T lymphocytes and heterophil antibodies

84
Q

possible complications of infectious mononucleosis

A

hepatitis, ruptured spleen or meningitis

85
Q

3 types of disorders affecting sexual development

A

chromosomal disorders, tumors, or menstrual abnormalities

86
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

affects males owing to the presence of an additional X chromosome (XXY instead of XY)

87
Q

signs of klinefelter syndrome

A

mental retardation is common, small testes, no sperm, and secondary male characteristics do not develop

88
Q

turner syndrome

A

is a monosomy X in which one X chromosome is missing and this affects sexual development in females

89
Q

testicular tumors

A

not common in adolescents but can affect men in their 20s and 30s; the tumor is usually malignant and is a unilateral hard mass on the testes; fertility can resume after surgical removal if one is still present

90
Q

what is the absence of menstruation called?

A

delayed menarche or primary amenorrhea and this occurs after age 17

91
Q

what is delayed menarche caused by?

A

an abnormality in the reproductive organs, abnormality in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, lots of exercise, or systemic disorders like hypothyroid or diabetes

92
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

refers to the discomfort that occurs in varying degrees during the first or second day of menstruation

93
Q

what is period cramping due to?

A

the secretion of prostaglandins from the uterus

94
Q

serious effects of dysmenorrhea

A

vomiting or fainting

95
Q

treatment for dysmenorrhea

A

hormones, NSAIDs like advil, midol that contains aspirin, caffeine, or cinnamedrine

96
Q

cinnamedrine

A

is a uterine relaxant

97
Q

secondary dysmenorrhea

A

is usually related to infection or other pathologies

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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