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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH module 2 review > Flashcards

HLTH module 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

elderly and obese water content

A

have a lower than normal proportion of water in their bodies

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2
Q

effects of prolonged edema

A

it interferes with venous return, arterial circulation, and cell function

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3
Q

where is edema the most severe?

A

in areas affected by gravity like the butt, ankles or feet

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4
Q

hypervolemia

A

increased BV and is associated with renal failure, pregnancy, excessive fluids, and CHF

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5
Q

4 causes of edema

A

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins in vessels, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, and increased capillary permeability

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6
Q

causes of loss of plasma proteins in the vessels

A

may be due to kidney disease, malabsorption or malnutrition, or liver disease

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7
Q

what can varicose veins lead to?

A

skin breakdown, fatigue, or varicose ulcers

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8
Q

pulse during edema

A

slow pulse and high BP

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9
Q

pulse during dehydration

A

rapid, weak pulse but low BP

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10
Q

what do fluid losses first effect?

A

the extracellular compartments

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11
Q

who are most susceptible to damaging effects of fluid loss?

A

infants and elderly due to smaller fluid reserves

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12
Q

hypotonic dehydration

A

refers to a loss of more solutes than fluid

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13
Q

hypertonic dehydration

A

refers to a loss of more fluid than solutes

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14
Q

body compensations for dehydration

A

increasing thirst, increasing HR, constricting vessels, and concentrating urine

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15
Q

third-spacing meaning

A

refers to a situation in which fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid

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16
Q

sodium importance

A

is significant for osmotic pressure, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction

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17
Q

hyponatremia signs

A

anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness, headache, confusion, seizures, and decreased BP

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18
Q

hypernatremia signs

A

thirst, weakness, lethargy, agitation, edema, and elevated BP

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19
Q

potassium and acid levels

A

acidosis shifts K+ out of cell and alkalosis shifts it into the cells; it is cotransported with H+

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20
Q

most significant role of K+

A

heart contractions

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21
Q

hypokalemia signs

A

cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, parenthesis, decreased appetite, shallow respirations (due to weak muscles), and increased urine output

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22
Q

hyperkalemia signs

A

cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, and parenthesis

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23
Q

hyper vs hypokalemia on the ECG

A

hypokalemia leads to prolonged repolarization

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24
Q

role of vitamin D for calcium

A

it promotes the movement of Ca+ from the bones and intestines into the blood

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25
Q

calcium and phosphate relationship

A

is opposite, ex. is Ca+ is high the P is low

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26
Q

alkalosis and Ca+

A

decreases the number of free Ca+ in the blood, causing hypocalcemia

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27
Q

hypocalcemia signs

A

muscle twitching, hyperactive reflexes, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign, obstructed airways, parentheses, abdominal pain, weak heart contractions, and arrhythmias

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28
Q

Chvostek sign

A

associated with hypocalcemia and is twitching of the lips and face

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29
Q

Trousseau sign

A

blood circulation is cut off to the hand and is associated with hypocalcemia

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30
Q

hypercalcemia signs

A

muscle weakness, increased urine output, increased cardiac contractions, spontaneous fractures, and kidney stones

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31
Q

hypomagnesemia signs

A

insomnia, tremors, neuromuscular hyperirritability, personality changes, and increased HR with arrhythmias

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32
Q

hypermagnesemia signs

A

depressed neuromuscular function, decreased reflexes, lethargy, and cardiac arrhythmias

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33
Q

hypophosphatemia signs

A

tremors, weak reflexes, confusion, parenthesis, and difficulty swallowing

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34
Q

hyperphosphatemia signs

A

same as hypocalcemia (muscle twitching, hyperactive reflexes, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign, obstructed airways, parentheses, abdominal pain, weak heart contractions, and arrhythmias)

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35
Q

hyperchloremia signs

A

edema and weight gain

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36
Q

hypochloremia signs

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, and confusion

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37
Q

why does the body lead more towards an acidosis state?

A

due to the production of CO2, lactic acid, ketones, sulfides, and phosphates

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38
Q

buffer

A

combination of a weak acid and its alkaline salt

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39
Q

bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio

A

20:1

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40
Q

when is it considered to be compensated acidosis or alkalosis

A

if the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is maintained at 20 : 1 and serum pH is normal

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41
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A

airway obstruction, pulmonary disease such as emphysema, and use of opiates

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42
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A

diarrhea causing loss of bicarbonate or renal failure

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43
Q

effects of acidosis

A

headache, lethargy, confusion, and weakness

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44
Q

causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

hyperventilation or aspirin overdose

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45
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

vomiting, hypokalemia, or excessive ingestion of antacids

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46
Q

effects of alkalosis

A

restlessness, muscle twitching, tetany, seizures, and coma

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47
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body

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48
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of the lower half of the body

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49
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of the trunk and all four limbs

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50
Q

diplegia

A

symmetrical paralysis anywhere in the body

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51
Q

how fast can loss of muscle progress with immobility?

A

up to 12% each week

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52
Q

do flexor or extensor muscles atrophy more with immobility?

A

extensor muscles

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53
Q

muscle changes with immoblity

A

extensor muscles atrophy, contractures may develop, fibrous tissue replaces muscle cells, and tendons and ligaments loose elasticity and shorten

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54
Q

bedsores name

A

decubitus ulcers

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55
Q

areas of the skin that are sensitive to breakdown during immobility

A

bony areas with little fat covering them like the hip, elbows, knee, sacrum; this commonly leads to ischemia and necrosis of the tissue

56
Q

effects on the heart during short-term immobilization

A

increased heart rate and SV due to blood pooling in the trunk, near the heart and lungs

57
Q

effects on the heart during long-term immobilization

A

venous return and SV are reduced; orthostatic hypotension may also develop

58
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

occurs with decreased venous return and SV are signs are dizziness, fainting, pallor, sweating, and rapid pulse when changing body position

59
Q

why are ulcers, necrosis and infection common during immobilization?

A

due to reduced capillary exchange of nutrients that results from pooling of blood in areas

60
Q

virchow triad

A

three factors promoting thrombus formation which are venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and blood vessel damage

61
Q

respirations during immobilization

A

are slow and shallow due to decreased oxygen demands, as well as drugs like sedatives and analgesics that depress neuromuscular functions and the respiratory centre

62
Q

why do secretions build up in the lungs during immobilization?

A

because the cough reflex is decreased

63
Q

effects of stasis of urine

A

urinary tract infections or renal stones due to urine pooling in the calyces

64
Q

why may urine output be increased during immobility?

A

blood shifting to the thorax can cause the release of ANP, thus decreasing fluid reabsorption, ADH activity, and causing dehydration

65
Q

common deformities in children as a result of immobility

A

commonly develop in the hands, spine, hips, and feet

66
Q

distress meaning

A

is when an individual cannot adapt to a stressor, causing harmful effects on the body

67
Q

locus ceruleus

A

is a collection of norephrine secreting cells in the brain stem

68
Q

hormones released during stress response

A

first adrenocorticotropic hormone, then cortisol, norepinephine, and epinephrine

69
Q

general effects of the stress response

A

increased HR, bronchodilation, increased blood glucose levels, arousal of CNS, and decreased immune responses

70
Q

effects of prolonged stress

A

intellectual function and memory are impaired due to glucocorticoid release, the decreased immune system leading to frequency infections or longer healing (stomatitis or periodontal disease), acute renal failure, and necrosis

71
Q

what serum level is elevated during stress?

A

cholesterol

72
Q

stress ulcers

A

are multiple gastric ulcers and manifest with gastric hemorrhage; curling ulcer is an example

73
Q

what contributes to the development of stress ulcers

A

vasoconstriction in the gastric mucosa causes decreased mucus degeneration and production, decreased motility caused chyme to accumulate in the stomach, and glucocorticoids delay healing

74
Q

two factors delaying healing during stress

A

increased cortisol and increased catecholamine levels

75
Q

example of an anxiety medication

A

lorazepam

76
Q

somatic pain

A

originates from the skin or deeper structures and is localized; it travels by sensory fibres

77
Q

visceral pain

A

pain associated with organs and travels by sympathetic fibres

78
Q

two sensory fibres conducting pain impulses

A

the myelinated A delta fibers that transmit impulses rapidly and the unmyelinated C fibers that transmit impulses slowly

79
Q

what fibre is acute pain conducted from?

A

the myelinated A delta fibres

80
Q

what fibre is chronic pain conducted from?

A

the unmyelinated C fibres

81
Q

two motor fibres associated with pain

A

both are in the spinothalamic bundle: the fast impulses for acute sharp pain travel in the neospinothalamic tract, whereas the slower impulses for chronic or dull pain use the paleospinothalamic tract

82
Q

what influences the brain’s perception of pain stimuli?

A

the RAS

83
Q

gate-control theory

A

this theory states that gates (located at nerve synapses) modify the entry of painful stimuli into the brain; closed gates result in less pain perception and vise versa; this is the result of the release of opiate like chemicals

84
Q

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

A

is a therapeutic intervention that increases sensory stimulation at a site, thus blocking pain transmission

85
Q

types of endorphins

A

enkephalins, dynorphins, and beta-lipotropins

86
Q

how does enkephalin work?

A

it is released at the spinal cord and attaches to opiate receptors, blocking the release of substance P

87
Q

what does acute pain indicate?

A

tissue damage

88
Q

headaches located in the eyes and forehead area

A

are often associated with congested sinuses or eyestrain

89
Q

tension headaches

A

are associated with stress and include muscle spasms from the neck in and pain is felt in the occipital area; associated with working for long periods

90
Q

temporal area headaches

A

are associated with TMJ problems

91
Q

migraines

A

are caused by abnormal changes in blood flow or metabolism in the brain

92
Q

migraine symptoms

A

usually unilateral pain in the temporal area that spreads to the entire head; may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and fatigue

93
Q

mild migraine treatment

A

NSAIDs like ibuprofen or acetaminophen

94
Q

moderate migraine treatment

A

a combination of acetaminophen, codeine and caffeine or acetaminophen, aspirin and caffeine

95
Q

drug of choice for severe migraines

A

triptans or ergotamine if admistertisered immediately

96
Q

intracranial headaches

A

result from pressure within the skull such as edema, tumor, or hemorrhage

97
Q

central pain

A

is caused by damage to the brain or spinal cord

98
Q

neuropathic pain

A

is pain involving the peripheral nerves

99
Q

mild pain medications

A

aspirin, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs

100
Q

what drug acts as a platelet inhibitor to reduce blood clots?

A

aspirin

101
Q

moderate pain medications

A

usually codeine or oxycodone used in combination with aspirin or acetaminophen

102
Q

severe pain medications

A

morphine or hydromorphone

103
Q

surgical produces that work on the spinal cord to reduce pain

A

rhizotomy or cordotomy

104
Q

what are trigger point injections used for?

A

headaches, fibromyalgia, and myofascial pain syndrome

105
Q

trigger point types of injections

A

botox, anesthetics, and corticosteroids

106
Q

bioelectric therapy

A

uses bioelectric currents that interrupt pain signals before they can reach the brain and produces endorphins

107
Q

what are local anesthetics used for?

A

to block transmission of pain from a specific area

108
Q

example of a local anesthesia

A

lidocaine

109
Q

spinal anesthesia

A

is injected into epidural space of CSF to block nerve conduction at or below that level

110
Q

general anesthesia gas

A

nitrous oxide

111
Q

Neuroleptanesthesia

A

is a type of anesthesia where patients can respond to questions but are not aware of the pain

112
Q

what used to be found in soaps and caused harmful effects?

A

hexachlorophene

113
Q

toxic hardening agent in plastic

A

Bisphenol A

114
Q

concerns with toxic plastics

A

they can mimic hormones and act within tissues

115
Q

toxic effects of lead ingestion

A

is stored in bones and can cause hemolytic anemia, inflammation and ulceration of the GI tract, inflammation of kidney tubules, and neural damage

116
Q

neural damage from lead

A

neuritis (inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves) and encephalopathy (edema and degeneration of neurons in the brain)

117
Q

chemical burn

A

damage to tissues from acids or bases

118
Q

malignant mesothelioma

A

is a rare form of lung cancer that develops in the mesothelium and is often caused by exposure to asbestos

119
Q

signs of pesticide exposure

A

diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, pinpoint pupils, rashes, headaches, and irritation of the eyes, skin, or throat

120
Q

hyperthermia signs

A

muscle cramps and spasms, heat exhaustion (headache, nausea, dizziness), and heat stroke (red, dry skin and weak pulse)

121
Q

syncope

A

fainting

122
Q

localized hypothermia signs

A

frostbite, causing vascular occlusion which can lead to necrosis and gangrene

123
Q

systemic hypothermia signs

A

shizering, lethargy, confusion, slow pulse, slow respirations, and hypovolemic shock

124
Q

what is ionizing radiation?

A

x-rays and gamma rays, as well as particles such as protons and neutrons

125
Q

what are radiation emissions measured in?

A

roentgens

126
Q

what does radiation primarily affect?

A

cells undergoing mitosis such as epithelial cells, gonads, and bone marrow

127
Q

what does radiation sickness affect?

A

the bone marrow, digestive tract, and CNS

128
Q

what does UV damage?

A

the nucleotides in the cells DNA

129
Q

shorter lightwave damage to eyes

A

can damage the cornea

130
Q

longer lightwave damage to eyes

A

can damage the macula and retina

131
Q

gastroenteritis

A

vomiting and diarrhea; short term infection

132
Q

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

occurs when E. coli invades the bloodstream and damages the kidney tubules

133
Q

listeria

A

is most common in processed meat products such as sausage or ham and is common in the environment.

134
Q

shigella

A

causes dysentery, a bloody diarrhea that is extremely dangerous and is a bacterium that is transmitted primarily through unwashed hands

135
Q

melamine

A

is a plastic that has been added to food and milk in some areas of the world to allow dilution of the food with water

136
Q

ingestion of melamine

A

acute renal failure and possible death

137
Q

effects of poisonous bites

A

paralysis and respiratory failure or seizures, such as from a snake

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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