HLTH module 2 questions Flashcards
You are assessing an injured finger of a patient in your urgent care clinic. As you gently press on the injured area, the patient quickly pulls the finger away. The is a demonstration of?
flexor-withdrawal syndrome
Intractable pain is best defined as:
severe pain that cannot be controlled by a medication
As part of a fundraising program, you participate in a 5K run and find yourself very thirsty at the end of the race. You realize that, given the stress of the race, multiple factors are at work controlling your fluid balance, including a substance that determines the reabsorption of sodium ions and water from the kidney tubules. That substance is:
aldosterone
Which one of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?
third-spacing
Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
perspiration and expiration
Which one of the following would be considered normal serum pH?
7.4
You are asked to see a patient who is complaining of an acute unilateral headache associated with numbness, paralysis, and visual disturbance. After a full assessment, you realize this is an example of:
complicated migraine
Ibuprofen is classified as a NSAID and is particularly useful in treating
pain caused by inflammation
Which of the following is characteristic of acute pain but not of chronic pain?
severe but short
A serious consequence of a major disaster, first recognized in war veterans, is:
PTSD
One of your patients has recently been diagnosed with muscular dystrophy and wants to talk about the course of his disease. He describes the conditions that follow general weakening and decreased use of muscles, including:
Flexor muscles are stronger than extensors, leading to contractures or fibrous tissue slowly replacing weakened muscles (make sure to pay attention to flexor muscles, the other question asks extensor)
Which of the following is likely to result from lead poisoning?
damage to the brain and peripheral nerves
Which of the following gases remains bound to hemoglobin for significant periods of time and can eventually lead to death?
carbon monoxide
Possible complications caused by prolonged, severe stress include: Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, or Tension headache.
all of the above
What do prolonged periods of immobility frequently lead to?
Orthostatic hypotension
Increased blood pressure and increased heart rate
Increased risk of both thrombi and emboli
Rapid, deep respirations
1 and 3
Which one of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?
fluid deficit
During your pediatric ICU rotation, you are taking care of a 12-year-old boy who has significant edema secondary to nephrotic syndrome. During rounds, the attending physician asks you to describe the forces at work regulating fluid in the patient’s body. You explain that one of the forces pushing fluid out of the vasculature is:
intravascular hydrostatic pressure
The term “pica” refers to:
the consumption of non-food substances such as clay
You are asked to see a patient who was brought in by a friend after sustaining an injury to his left lower leg in a soccer game. You look at the affected area, which is swollen and painful to the touch. You recall that this is an example of:
somatic pain
A 12-year-old girl is brought to the ER by her mother. The girl has been complaining of significant abdominal pain since earlier in the morning, following a few days of increased fluid intake and urinary output. Her mother reports that she is breathing very fast and has a fruity smell to her breath. You immediately suspect diabetic ketoacidosis. While you are completing your assessment and initial intervention, you review the forces in play regarding the patient’s acid-base status. You realize that the primary assault on her acid-base status is due to the increased formation of ketone bodies, which leads to one of the following:
metabolic acidosis
After a full assessment of a patient complaining of knee pain, you explain that the patient’s condition is actually located in his hip. You explain that this is an example of:
referred pain
Which of the following frequently causes decubitus ulcers?
ischemia at pressure points
You are explaining the different types of pain to a high school class interested in the health professions. You describe somatic pain as that in which:
pain stimulus that is easy to identify
Bites from both wild and domesticated animals may cause:
rabies
Prior to an examination block, one of your instructors meets with you to discuss the effects of stress on the body and how to prevent it from adversely affecting your life. During your meeting, she talks about a substance that is released and leads to both vasoconstriction and vasodilation, bronchodilation, CNS stimulation, and glycogenolysis, among other things. You recall that the substance is:
epinephrine
What is/are the signs of hypothermia?
lethargy and confusion
A 62-year-old woman is brought to your urgent care clinic by her daughter, who says her mother lost consciousness while rising from the couch after a family movie. You check the patient’s blood pressure while she is lying down, sitting, and standing and see significant decreases with each position change, suggesting the diagnosis of:
orthostatic hypotension
A patient with a five-day history of vomiting is brought to the ER. You are concerned that excessive losses of gastric acid in the stool may have led to:
metabolic alkalosis
A patient who has just sustained an ankle injury in a basketball game asks you how pain relievers work. You explain that aspirin (ASA), acetaminophen, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories act by:
blocking prostaglandin production
A patient is complaining of back pain after a physical altercation in a local bar. Following a full assessment, you explain that the pain emanates from his kidney, which sustained damage from a punch. You point out that this type of pain is an example of:
visceral pain
In a lecture, an instructor explains that the effects of the stress response include one of the following:
bronchodilation
Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult’s body:
60%
In the ER, you see a patient complaining of muscle twitching in her hands and contractions of her fingers, which you recognize as carpopedal spasms. She had just been discharged from the hospital following an operation to remove her thyroid gland due to cancer. Her surgeon was concerned about the functioning of her parathyroid glands following the surgery and asked her to return if she had any concerns. You order blood work, which confirms the diagnosis of:
hypocalcemia
Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?
rough oral mucosa
What is a major factor predisposing to pulmonary infection in immobilized patients?
stasis of secretions in the lungs
You notice that the magnesium blood levels in a patient with renal failure whom you just admitted are abnormally high. Which one of the following clinical features might you expect to find?
decreased reflexes
The major problem associated with immobility and the gastrointenstinal tract is:
constipation
Institutions frequently have outbreaks of infection associated with poultry products contaminated by:
salmonella
You are assessing a patient who has an upper motor neuron lesion. You bring the end of a reflex hammer along the lateral edge of the sole of the patient’s foot. His great toe dorsiflexes, and the toes fan out. This is a demonstration of:
babinski reflex
Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?
excessive sweating
A 56-year-old woman presents with a painful rash over a well-defined area of her back. She reports that she had chicken pox (varicella zoster) as a child. You suspect this rash represents shingles (herpes zoster) and note the usefulness of dermatomes because:
They indicate the area of skin supplied with afferent fibers of a single posterior root.
Bladder infections are more likely to develop in immobilized patients because of:
stasis of urine
A headache that is related to changes in cerebral blood flow is classified as a/an _______ headache:
migraine
Prolonged immobility may predispose to _________ in the kidneys.
all of the above (Urinary stasis, renal calculi, and infection)
While you are in the ER, a 24-year-old male is brought in by paramedics, who found him unconscious with a needle lying nearby and a small amount of heroin in a bag beside his body. You realize that the overdose of the opiate heroin has depressed his respiratory drive, and this may lead to:
Respiratory acidosis
Pain perceived in the left arm during the course of a heart attack is an example of:
referred pain
During your pediatric ICU rotation, you are taking care of a 12-year-old boy who has significant edema secondary to nephrotic syndrome. During your rounds, the attending physician asks you to explain the forces at work that are regulating fluid in the patient’s body. You explain that his condition is associated with increased loss of protein through his kidneys, which results in a decrease in:
intravascular osmotic pressure
In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to:
excess sodium level
Prior to an examination block, one of your instructors meets with you to discuss the effects of stress on the body and how to prevent it from adversely affecting your life. During your meeting, she talks about a substance that is released and leads to protein catabolism, increased gastric secretions, CNS stimulation, and decreased inflammatory response, among other effects. You recall that the substance is:
cortisol
Which of the following events would most likely cause a person to faint and experience acute difficulty in breathing?
an insect sting
Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid?
sodium
A 12-year-old girl is brought to the ER by her mother. The girl has been complaining of significant abdominal pain since earlier in the morning, following a few days of increased fluid intake and urinary output. Her mother reports that her child is breathing very fast and has a fruity smell to her breath. You immediately suspect diabetic ketoacidosis. While you are completing your assessment and initial intervention, you review the forces in play regarding the patient’s acid-base status. You realize that her increased respiratory rate is attempting to compensate for the primary insult by causing:
Compensatory respiratory alkalosis
Mesothelioma is a common result of:
asbestos exposure
Inactive muscle quickly loses strength as it becomes ____________.
atrophied
Pain resulting from a profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissue in a specific area of the body is referred to as:
ischemic pain
During a 5K fundraising walk, a participant collapses. You assist in his care as the paramedics rush to the scene. He tells you he has a history of congestive heart failure, and he chose to walk the 5K despite his physician’s recommendation not to. You think of the forces trying to regulate his fluid volume, including a substance released by the atrial myocardial cells controlling sodium, potassium, and water levels. That substance is
ANP
noticeptors are
Pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means.
Which of the following types of cells are most likely to be damaged by exposure to radiation?
epithelial tissue and bone marrow
You are asked to see a patient who is complaining of an acute unilateral headache; you diagnose it as a common migraine. Your patient is a first-year medical student and asks what causes it. Your explanation includes:
serotonin-mediated
Which of the following may alter a person’s perception of a stressor?
all of the above, presence of several stressors at the same time, past experiences, and lack of coping strategies
You are explaining the different types of pain to a high school class interested in the health professions. You describe autonomic pain as that in which:
pain stimulus is difficulty to identify
You are asked to see a patient who is complaining of generalized pain in his abdomen, associated with some nausea. His abdomen is not particularly tender to touch, and there is no guarding or rigidity. You recall that this type of pain is an example of:
autonomic pain
Which of the following would cause edema?
increased capillary permeability
You are asked to urgently assess a patient brought into the ER who has been sick for the past few days and who has just developed numbness and tingling in his hands and feet. He is on a number of medications to regulate his fluid balance, due to a past history of congestive heart failure. You are concerned that, given his current illness, his regular medications may be adversely affecting his blood electrolyte levels. You order blood work and an electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG shows a wide, flat QRS complex and peaked, tented T-waves consistent with the diagnosis of:
hyperkalaemia
A patient with a five-day history of diarrhea presents to your clinic, dehydrated. In addition to the need to rehydrate him, you are concerned that excessive losses of bicarbonate in the stool may have led to:
metabolic acidosis
The organ generally responsible for detoxification or inactivation of foreign chemicals from the body is the:
liver
During the stress response, endorphins act as:
pain blockers
Which of the following causes tetany?
Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium
in which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?
blood clotting
In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for
the acid-base imbalance would be:
decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.
Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be:
increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to:
hyperkalemia
Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:
hypovolemia
Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?
increased nervous system irritability
Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?
Cl- and HCO3
Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:
increasing the permeability of nerve membranes.
Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:
insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction.
Serum potassium levels are affected by:
aldosterone, serum H+ and insulin
Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of milk-alkali syndrome,
which can cause which of the following?
hypercalcemia
Young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure
is the true statement
Which of the following analgesics acts to reduce pain at the peripheral site?
acetaminophen
Cancer-related pain has been broken down into three basic categories: pain caused by the advance of the disease and resultant damage to the body, pain that is the result of a coexisting disease unrelated to the cancer, and
pain associated with treating the disease
Immobility may lead to dehydration primarily as a result of
changes in hormonal secretions due to increased blood in the thorax
During the development of hyperthermia, the state of heat exhaustion is indicated when:
hypovolemia and fainting occur
During the development of hyperthermia, the stage of heat stroke is marked by:
shock and coma
Which of the following is considered carcinogenic?
inhaled particles
Two types of eye damage that can be caused by a laser beam are:
thermal burn and photochemical burn
What are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells called?
sarcomas
Which factor provides the basis for the grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors?
degree of differentiation of the cells
The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with:
an irreversible change in cell DNA
The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means:
the patient is at high risk for infection
