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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH: review of muscle and integumentary > Flashcards

HLTH: review of muscle and integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of unique markings on bones?

A

to provide an attachment site for tendons or for the passage of nerves and vessels

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2
Q

functions of bones

A

movement, protection for the viscera, and metabolic storage of calicum

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3
Q

bone matrix

A

collagen fibres and calcium phosphate salts (hydroxyapatite)

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4
Q

dynamic equilibrium of bone

A

osteoblasts produce new bone and osteoclasts degrade bone

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5
Q

what is the bone stem cell and where is it derived from?

A

osteoprogenitor cells which are derived from embryonic mesenchymal cells

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6
Q

what do osteoprogenitor cells divide into?

A

osteoblasts

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7
Q

osteoblast function

A

secrete new bone matrix

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8
Q

what do osteoclasts come from?

A

macrophage progenitor cells

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9
Q

osteoclast function

A

resorption of bone tissue

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10
Q

two types of bones

A

compact and spongy

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11
Q

spongy bones

A

less dense and form the interior structure of bones; these lack haversian systems

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12
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

is the site of longitudinal bone growth and this is promoted by growth hormone and sex hormones

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13
Q

epiphyseal line

A

is the epiphyseal plate in adulthood once growth ceases; this stops when the epiphyseal plate ossifies

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14
Q

what kind of CT is articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

hormones that change bone density?

A

growth hormone, PTH, or cortisol

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16
Q

osteoporosis

A

the loss of bone density caused by loss of calcium salts; common in older women

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17
Q

what is the bone covered with?

A

periosteum which is a fibrous CT; it is also covered by articular cartilage at tips of bones

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18
Q

what does the periosteum contain?

A

osteoblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

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19
Q

what is the medullary cavity lined with?

A

endosteum that contains osteoblasts

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20
Q

where is red bone marrow found?

A

the cranium, vertebral bodies, ribs, sternum, and ilia

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21
Q

four basic functions of skeletal muscle

A

to facilitate body movement by muscle contraction, to maintain body position by muscle tone, to stabilize the joints and prevent excessive movement, and to maintain body temperature

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22
Q

involuntary skeletal muscle movement

A

occurs for respiratory movement, postural reflexes, blinking, shivering, or certain facial expressions

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23
Q

what creates striated appearance?

A

the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle fibres

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24
Q

3 muscle layers

A

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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25
Q

epimysium

A

surrounds the entire muscle

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26
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds the muscle fascicles

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27
Q

endomysium

A

surrounds the individual muscle fibres (cells)

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28
Q

motor unit

A

is the motor neuron of the spinal cord and all the muscle fibres it stimulates

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29
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

is where the synapse between the end of the motor nerve and the receptor site in the muscle fibre is located

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30
Q

what neurotransmitter is released for muscle contraction?

A

acetylcholine

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31
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

is the enzyme that inactivated ace

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32
Q

myofibrils

A

each muscle cell contains this and it is made up of smaller myofilaments consisting of actin and myosin filaments

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33
Q

blood vessels during exercise

A

are dialated to promote greater blood flow into the muscle, thus increasing the supply of O2 and nutrients to provide energy for contraction

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34
Q

myoglobin

A

is stored in muscle fibres and can store limited amounts of O2

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35
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

in muscle

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36
Q

aerobic respiration

A

produces ATP for muscle fibres as long as O2 is made available from the myoglobin

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37
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

occurs if the O2 supply does not meet the demand, using glucose as the primary energy source; produces lactic acid

38
Q

respirations during exercise

A

are a result of anaerobic respiration in which an acidosis state is present, and respirations serve to compensate to reduce acidosis

39
Q

lactic acid

A

is produced during anaerobic respiration and can cause local muscle pain and cramping

40
Q

muscle cramp

A

is pain resulting from a strong muscle contraction or spasm, usually caused by local irritation from metabolic wastes

41
Q

muscle spasms

A

reduce blood flow, thus leading to ischemic pain

42
Q

tendons

A

attach muscles to bone and are usually the extension of the perimysium

43
Q

origin

A

is at a joint and is the fixed bone

44
Q

insertion

A

the bone that is moved by the muscle contraction

45
Q

ligaments

A

attach bones

46
Q

function of antagonistic muscles

A

prevent excessive movement and provide better control of movements

47
Q

muscle growth

A

muscles cannot undergo mitosis but do undergo hypertrophy

48
Q

aerobic or endurance exercise

A

increases the muscles capacity to work for longer without causing hypertrophy of the muscle; such exercise increases the capillaries and blood flow in a muscle, as well as mitochondria and myoglobin content

49
Q

anaerobic or resistance exercise

A

focuses on increasing muscle strength by increasing muscle mass (hypertrophy)

50
Q

anabolic steriods

A

synthetic hormones that are similar to testosterone and help to increase muscle strength and mass by increasing the anabolic effects/protein synthesis

51
Q

side effects of anabolic steroids

A

liver damage, cardiovascular disease, personality changes, emotional lability, and sterility

52
Q

atrophy

A

muscle cells size decreases when the muscle is not used; muscles become weak and flaccid

53
Q

muscle twitch

A

results from increased irritability of the motor nerves supplying the muscle and can be caused by hypocalcemia

54
Q

what is the function of joints accomplished by?

A

tendons and ligaments

55
Q

3 types of joint movements

A

synarthroses, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis

56
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable joints; ex. sutures in the skull

57
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable joints, in which the bones are connected by fibro or hyaline cartilage; ex. joints in the ribs, sternum, and the pubic symphysis

58
Q

diarthroses

A

aka synovial joints; freely movable joints

59
Q

what is synovial fluid produced by?

A

the synovial membrane or synovium

60
Q

what is the articular capsule composed of?

A

synovial membrane, the fibrous capsule, and sharpey fibres

61
Q

the TMJ

A

is the only moveable joint in the skull and face; it has two synovial cavities and a central articular cartilage of dense collagen cavity

62
Q

EMGs for muscle contraction

A

measure the electrical change associated with muscle contraction and are helpful in differentiating muscle disorders from neurologic disease

63
Q

how is muscle dystrophy confirmed?

A

muscle biopsy

64
Q

how are joints visualised?

A

by arthroscopy (which is the insertion of a lens directly into the joint) or by MRI

65
Q

what is elevated in those with muscle diseases?

A

serum creatine kinase

66
Q

function of creatine kinase

A

is an enzyme with an essential role in energy storage and may leak out of damaged cells into body fluids

67
Q

functions of skin

A

provides the first line of defense, prevents excessive fluid loss, controls body temperature, has sensory perception, and synthesis and activation of vitamin D

68
Q

two main layers of the skin

A

epidermis and the dermis (as well as accessory structures such as hair follicles)

69
Q

five basic layers of the epidermis

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

70
Q

stratum basale

A

the base layer of the epidermis and new cells undergo mitosis here, then move upwards

71
Q

stratum spinosum

A

spiny layer that is the second layer located above the basale; consists of irregularly shaped cells with intercellular connections called desmosomes; cells are rich in RNA and contribute to keratin synthesis

72
Q

stratum granulosum

A

third layer above the spinosum layer and where keratin formation begins

73
Q

keratin

A

is a protein found in skin, hair, and nails that prevents both loss of body fluid and entry of excessive water into the body

74
Q

stratum lucidum

A

is a clear layer above the granulosum layer and is composed of degenerating keratinocytes that are flattened and willin with eleidin; only found in thicker skin

75
Q

stratum corneum

A

aka horny and most superficial layer; it is composed of dead, flat cells that are being shed; cells are filled with keratin fibres formed from the eleiden, making them a waterproof barrier

76
Q

keratinization

A

is the process of the cells forming in the stratum basale and moving upward and filling with keratin to eventually end up on the surface

77
Q

melanocytes

A

specialized pigment-producing cells, in which the amount of melanin determines skin colour

78
Q

albinism

A

is a recessive congenital disorder in which the body lacks production of melanin; the individual has white skin and hair and lacks pigment in the eyes

79
Q

vitiligo

A

refers to small areas of hyperpigmentation that may gradually spread to involve larger areas

80
Q

melasma

A

aka chloasma; is patches of darker skin, often on the face that may develop during pregnancy

81
Q

dermis

A

thick layer of CT that contains elastic and collagen fibres

82
Q

papillae

A

the junction of the dermis with the epidermis

83
Q

accessory structures of the skin

A

hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat gland (eccrine or aporcine)

84
Q

sebaceous glands

A

are associated with hair follicles or open up directly onto the skin; they produce an oily secretion called sebum that keeps the hair and skin soft

85
Q

two types of sweat glands

A

eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine

86
Q

eccrine glands

A

are located all over the body and secrete sweat through pores onto the skin

87
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

are located in the axillae, scalp, face, and genitalia

88
Q

why does sweat smell?

A

bacteria action by normal flora cause odor to develop

89
Q

what is beneath the dermis?

A

the subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

90
Q

structures in the hypodermis

A

CT, fat cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerves

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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