HLTH module 4 review Flashcards
capacitance vessels
term referring to large veins due to their reservoir for blood
vasa vasorum
tiny blood vessels supplying the vessels
elastic vessels
are large arteries
veins vs arteries
veins have thinner walls and less smooth muscle
norepinephrine and epinephrine roles in vasoconstriction
they do this by stimulating alpha1-adrenergic receptors in the vessel walls
how much blood in the adult body?
5 L
what might an elevated hematocrit indicate?
dehydration or excess of RBCs
what might a low hematocrit indicate?
anemia or blood loss
serum
refers to the fluid and solutes remaining after the cells and fibrinogen have been removed from the plasma
globulins role
are antibodies
common site for bone marrow biopsy
the iliac crest in the pelvic bone
dyscrasia
refers to disorders of the blood involving cells
when is erythropoiesis stimulated?
during hypoxia
what substances does RBC production depend on?
amino acids, iron, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid
hemoglobin composition
it consists of the globin portion, which is two pairs of amino acid chains, and four heme groups, each containing a ferrous iron atom, to which the oxygen molecule (O2) can attach
oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin
oxy has O2 and is red and carried normally in arteries, whereas deoxy lacks oxygen and is more blue and commonly found in veins
if CO2 is carried by hemoglobin, what does it bind to?
nitrogen in an amino acid group
how can carbon monoxide poisoning be recognized?
bright cherry red colour in the face and lips
what are old RBCs recycled into?
globin and heme
what is globin broken down into?
amino acids
hemochromatosis
iron overload
what is heme broken down into?
bilirubin
what are colony-stimulating factors produced by?
macrophages and T cells
immature neutrophil name
band or stab
what drug interferes with blood clotting?
aspirin
factor II
prothrombin
factor I
fibrinogen
what is heparin released from?
mast cells or basophils
signs of a transfusion reaction
a feeling of warmth in the involved vein, flushed face, headache, fever and chills, pain in the chest and abdomen, decreased blood pressure, and rapid pulse
basic blood diagnostic test
complete blood count
mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH)
indicates the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
hemolink
made from human hemoglobin
hemopure
is made from cow hemoglobin
what is the major result of lymphatic disorders?
blood protein concentration and osmotic pressure due to a failure to return proteins to the circulation
functions of the spleen
defense (via macrophages), hematopoiesis, and red blood cell (RBC) and platelet destruction, as well as serving as a reservoir for blood
lymph is the thoracic duct
is protein rich
compensation mechanisms for low O2 in the blood
vasoconstriction and tachycardia
general effects of low O2
pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, agina (chest pain), inflamed GI tract, difficulty swallowing, anc cracked lips
causes of iron-deficiency anemia
diet, excessive loss of blood, malabsorption in the duodenum, or liver disease
appearance of iron-deficient cells
microcytic and hypochromic
megaloblastic anemia other name
pernicious anemia
megaloblastic anemia cell appearance
large, immature, and nucleated
megaloblastic anemia cause
deficit of B12 (or folic acid) due to a lack of intrinsic factor that results in impaired maturation of RBCs due to interference with DNA synthesis, in which they die early as a result
what other cells are also affected by megaloblastic anemia?
granulocytes may be immature and thrombocytes may be low
vitamin B12 and neurological function
lack of B12 can cause peripheral axon demyelination, interfering with nerve conduction; sensory nerves are affected first, then motor
causes of megaloblastic anemia
malabsorption caused by an autoimmune disease, alcoholism causing chronic gastritis, or from surgical procedures like a gastrectomy
ataxia
loss of muscle/motor coordination
signs of megaloblastic anemia
enlarged, sore, red, shiny tongue; gastric discomforts like nausea or diarrhea; and neurological defects like tingling or ataxia
treatment for megaloblastic anemia
vitamin B12 injections
aplastic anemia
is caused by impaired bone marrow, resulting in loss of stem cells and all blood cells
causes of aplastic anemia
myelotoxins (chemicals or radiation), viruses (hep C), autoimmune disorders (SLE), or myelodysplastic syndrome
signs of aplastic anemia
general anemia signs (pallor, fatigue, weakness), leukopenia that causes frequent infections, and thrombocytopenia petechiae, and tendency to bleed easy
thrombocytopenia petechiae
flat, red, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin; associated with aplastic anemia
hemolytic anemia meaning
is excessive destruction of RBCs, leading to anemia; is sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
sickle cell anemia gene
is the HbS gene which is recessive and causes the amino acid normal glutamic acid component to be replaced with valine
sickle cell anemia
is a genetic disorder that causes the RBCs to take a crescent shape when in hypoxia, leading to excessive hemolysis of RBCs due to damaging their cell membrane
secondary effects of sickle cell anemia
thrombus formation, infarctions, obstruction of vessels, necrosis, jaundice, gallstones, and enlarged spleen
signs of sickle cell anemia
general anemia, jaundice, gallstones, pain, ulcers, CHF, delayed growth, intellectual impairment, and frequent infections
thalassemia
is a genetic condition is which one or more genes for hemoglobin are missing or variant, causing interference with globin chain production; this causes other chains to be in excess, damaging the RBC and causing hemolysis
heterozygous thalassemia name
cooley anemia
effects of thalassemia
enlarged liver and spleen, excessive bilirubin, hyperactive bone marrow, impaired growth, and heart failure
appearance of thalassemia cells
hypochromic and microcytic
hematemesis
vomiting blood
common causes of blood clotting
thrombocytopenia, liver disease, deficit of vitamin K, aspirin, anticoagulants, chemotherapy, radiation, leukemia, uremia (end stage kidney failure), and hemorrhagic fever (ebola)
hemophilia A
most common and is a deficiency of clotting factor VIII
hemophilia B
aka christmas disease; deficiency of clotting factor IX
hemophilia C
aka rosenthal; deficiency of clotting factor XI
hemophilia
is an X-linked recessive disorder so only manifests in men; it a deficit of a clotting factor (XIII, IX, or XI)
hemarthrosis
bleeding into the joints
hemophilia signs
frequent bleeding, hemarthrosis (bleeding into the joints), hematuria, hemorrhage, and recurrent infections
von willebrand disease
is caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor and manifests similar to hemophilia
signs of von willebrand disease
easy bruising, skin rashes, nose bleeds, gum bleedings, and overall abnormal bleeding
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
condition involving excessive bleeding and clotting and is often secondary to other problems; it causes hemorrhage, hypotension, and shock
causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation
pregnancy problems related to the placenta, gram-negative endotoxins, trauma, or cancer
main substance in disseminated intravascular coagulation
thromboplastin
thrombophilia
is a genetic or inherited disorder causing abnormal blood clotting, leading to thrombus formation, embolism, MI, or stroke
myelodysplastic syndrome
refers to a group of disorders causing abnormal production of cells by the bone marrow; excludes aplastic anemia and deficiency dyscrasias
primary polycythemia
is a neoplastic disorder that occurs when the bone marrow produces more than normal RBCs and other cells; erythropoietin levels are low; aka vera
secondary polycythemia
is increased production of RBCs and other cells during hypoxia; erythropoietin levels are high
secondary effects of polycythemia
blood flow is sluggish, leading to thrombus formation, BP is high, the heart is hypertrophied, spleen and liver are enlarged, and hemorrhage may occur
signs of polycythemia
cyanosis, high BP, pruritic skin, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, dyspnea, headaches, and joint pain
leukemia
group of neoplastic disorders affecting WBCs, in which uncontrollable, immature and nonfunctional WBCs are released from the bone marrow
acute leukemias
are higher proportions of immature cells in which the onset is abrupt, and signs are marked with clear complications
chronic leukemias
the onset is mild and slow and a high proportion of mature, but nonfunctional cells are released from the bone marrow; prognosis is better
what cells are most often affected in acute lymphatic leukemia
precursors to B cells
Myelogenous leukemia
affects one or more of the granulocytes
secondary effects of leukemia
other cell production is suppressed, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and decreased number of functional leukocytes, rapid turnover of cells leads to hyperuricemia and kidney stone formation, crowding causes pain on nerves, hemorrhage is common, and enlargement of the liver and spleen
Philadelphia chromosome
is present in most cases of chronic myeloblastic leukemia
pharmacology
is the study of drugs, their actions, dosage, therapeutic uses (indications), and adverse effects
pharmacodynamics
is the drug-induced responses of physiologic and biochemical systems
pharmacokinetics
drug amounts at different sites after administration
pharmacotherapeutics
choice and drug application for disease prevention, treatment, or diagnosis
contraindications
are circumstances in which the drug should not be taken
interactions
occur when a drug’s effect is modified by combining it with another drug, food, herbal compounds, or other material
potentiation
a type of drug interaction, whereby one drug enhances the effect of a second drug
dose
the amount of the drug taken at a single time
dosage
the total amount of the drug given over a period of time
loading dose
a larger dose given initially to achieve effects early on
intrathecal injection
injection into the meninges surrounding the spinal cord
enteric-coated tablets
is a special coating that prevents breakdown until the tablet is in the intestine, common with aspirin to prevent gastric irritation
what do drugs in the blood bind to?
plasma proteins
where are drugs metabolised and then excreted?
metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
what is it called when a drug bind to a receptor and stimulates activity?
agonist
what is it called when a drug bind to a receptor and inhibits activity?
antagonist
beta-adrenergic blocking agents
these drugs bind to beta receptors (involved in sympathetic response) and prevent epinephrine release, thus decreasing HR and BP
determining dose
the amount necessary to produce a therapeutic effect must be balanced with the level that may produce a toxic effect
generic name
the unique, official, simple name for a specific drug, ex. ibuprofen
brand or trade name
the trademark name assigned by a single manufacturer, and it is to be used only by that manufacturer, ex. advil
schedule II vs schedule V drug
schedule II has a high potential for abuse, whereas V does not
osteopaths
are medical doctors who use all the traditional treatment methods such as surgery and drugs, but in addition they promote the body’s natural healing processes by incorporating manipulations of the musculoskeletal system in both diagnosis and treatment
homeopathy
has the goal of stimulating the immune system and natural healing power in the body through the use of plant, animal, and mineral products
what can garlic help with?
cardiovascular health
qi
used in chinese medicine
ki
used in japanese medicine
three sources qi is derived from
inherited or ancestral factors, food ingested, and air breathed in
yin
lack of qi or cold
yang
excess of qi or hot
meridians
join body parts and organs together and are not to be confused with vessels or lymphatics
tsubo
japanese name for acupoints
moxibustion
is a form of acupuncture that specifically treats cold or deficiency patterns by burning moxa to produce pure yang energy that penetrates deeply into the body tissues to bring about relief
shiatsu
is the Japanese-refined version of Chinese anma massage, or acupuncture without needle
what does yoga improve?
the flow of prana
craniosacral therapy
deals with the characteristic ebb and flow pulsing rhythm of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord
Ayurveda
indian practice that focuses on balancing body dosas
most common disease of the lymphatic system
Lymphadenopathy, which is inflamed or infection lymph nodes
lymphomas
are malignant neoplasms involving the proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes; two types are hodgkins and non-hodgkins
Hodgkin Disease
lymphoma starting in the lymph nodes, causing defective T lymphocytes and overall decreased lymphocytes due to the reed-sternberg cell; 4 types
most common staging system for Hodgkin disease
ann arbor system
stage I hodgkin’s disease
affects a single lymph node
stage II hodgkin’s disease
affects two or more lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm or in a relatively localized area
stage III hodgkin’s disease
involves infected lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm and the spleen
stage IV hodgkin’s disease
diffuse extralymphatic involvement such as bone, lung, or liver
signs of hodgkin’s disease
general cancer symptoms, enlarged lymph node that is painless, enlarged liver and spleen, pruritus, and recurrent infections
hodgkin’s disease treatment
chemo (ABVD cycle), radiation, and surgery
non-hodgkin’s disease
is more rapid spreading and has more metastasis and reed sternberg cells are absent
multiple myeloma
neoplastic disease involving plasma cells which replace the bone marrow and erode bone, causing decreased cell production and decreased production of antibodies
secondary effects of multiple myeloma
common pathologic fractures, hypercalcemia, common infections, pain, anemia, and impaired kidney function (causing proteinuria)
proteinuria
protein in the urine
Lymphedema
is a condition in which the tissues in the extremities swell because of an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels and the subsequent accumulation of lymph
signs of lymphedema
edema that is initially soft but may become painful and frequent infections
Elephantiasis
this is a type of lymphedema caused primarily by an infestation and blockage of the lymph vessels of the extremities by a parasitic worm called filaria
podoconiosis
non filarial form of elephantiasis which is caused by volcanic ash
Elephantiasis signs
swelling, thickening of skin, frequent infections, skin ulcers, and fever
Castleman disease
refers to a group of inflammatory disorders. It is a rare illness that involves the overgrowth of lymphoid tissue; not considered a cancer but can be a risk for developing lymphoma
two types of castleman’s disease
unicentric (affects a single node) and multicentric (affects multiple nodes)
unicentric castleman’s disease signs
difficulty breathing or eating, a large lump, weight loss, and persistent cough
multicentric castleman’s disease signs
fever, night sweats, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, enlarged spleen, and weakness
what circulates in the blood and prevents excessive clot formation?
antithrombin III
what prevents platelets to sticking to tissue?
prostaglandins which is regulated by antithrombin III
what is the major action of heparin?
it blocks thrombin and thus is an anticoagulant
erythroblastosis fetalis
aka rh hemolytic disease
what is required for transplants?
a close match in HLA (human leukocyte anitgen)
the drug-half life meaning
the time it takes for the amount of a drug’s active substance in your body to reduce by half
