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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH module 3: microbiology > Flashcards

HLTH module 3: microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are included in the category of microorganisms?

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses

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2
Q

bacteria basic characteristics

A

cell wall present, may have flagella, pili, and fimbriae, have DNA and RNA, reproduce by binary fission, and are treated by antibacterial drugs

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3
Q

virus basic charateristics

A

have no cell wall, have obligate intracellular parasite, no DNA or RNA, reproduce by host cells, and are treated with antiviral drugs

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4
Q

fungi basic characteristics

A

eukaryotic (unicellular or multicellular; chains of cells), have a cell wall, have DNA and RNA, reproduce by budding and spores, and are treated with antifungal drugs

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5
Q

protozoa basic characteristics

A

have no cell wall, sometimes have obligate intracellular parasite, and have DNA and RNA; reproduction and treatment varies

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6
Q

mycoplasma basic characteristics

A

have no cell wall, have DNA and RNA, reproduce by binary fission, and treatment varies

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7
Q

pathogens

A

the disease causing microbes that are ‘germs’; most microorganisms are not pathogens

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8
Q

3 types of bacteria groups based on shape

A

bacilli, spirals, and cocci

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9
Q

bacilli bacteria

A

are rod shaped; ex. vibrio and pleomorphic

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10
Q

spirals

A

coiled shape; ex. spirochetes and spirilla

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11
Q

cocci

A

spherical form

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12
Q

5 types of bacteria prefixes based on arrangements

A

diplo, sterp(to), staph(ylo), tetrads, and palisade

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13
Q

diplo meaning

A

bacteria in pairs

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14
Q

strepo(to) meaning

A

indicates chains

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15
Q

staph(ylo) meaning

A

irregular, grapelike clusters

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16
Q

tetrads

A

groups of cells grouped in a packet or square of four cells

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17
Q

palisade

A

group of cells lying together with the long sides parallel

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18
Q

two types of bacteria cell walls

A

gram-positive or gram-negative; these differ in the thickness of the peptidoglycan in the wall

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19
Q

what cell wall does penicillin act on?

A

gram-positive

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20
Q

gram-positive cell membrane

A

located inside the bacterial wall

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21
Q

gram-negative cell membrane

A

is located on both sides of the cell wall

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22
Q

external capsule in bacteria

A

found in some, but not all bacteria; found outside the cell wall in gram-positive and outside the outer membrane in gram-negative; offers additional protection

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23
Q

where does flagella attach to?

A

the cell wall and may provide motility

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24
Q

pili and fimbriae

A

tiny hairlike projections found usually on gram-negative bacteria; assist in the attachment of bacteria to issues

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25
Q

where is DNA and RNA found in bacteria?

A

in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

plasmids

A

circular DNA fragments that are important in the exchange on genetic information with other bacteria

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27
Q

two types of toxins

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

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28
Q

exotoxins

A

usually produced by gram-positive bacteria and diffuse through body fluids; may interfere with nerve conduction

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29
Q

endotoxins

A

present in the cell wall of gram-negative organisms and are released after the bacteria dies; may cause fever or general weakness

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30
Q

enzymes and bacteria

A

produced by some bacteria and can damage host cells or tissues; ex. hemolysin which destroys RBCs

31
Q

endospores

A

can be formed by bacteria and are a latent form of the bacteria with a coasting highly resistant to heat and other adverse conditions

32
Q

binary fission

A

a process of reproduction when the divison of a cell produces two daughter cells identical to the parent

33
Q

factors affecting bacterial growth

A

insufficient nutrients and O2, increased metabolic wastes in the area, and changes in pH or temperature

34
Q

what is a virus?

A

a very small obligate intracellular parasite that requires a living host for replication

35
Q

extracellular virus

A

called a virion; consists of a protein coat and a core of either DNA or RNA

36
Q

what happens when a virus infects a person?

A

it attaches to a host cell and the viral genetic material enters the cell and takes over, using the host to synthesize protein, to produce new viral components

37
Q

how are new viruses released from the host cell?

A

via lysis or budding of the host cell membrane

38
Q

why can it be different for immunity to be acquired for viruses?

A

because they can mutate or change forms slightly during replication

39
Q

how can viruses cause cancer?

A

certain intracellular viruses can alter host cell chromosomes, leading to the development of a malignant cells or cancer

40
Q

what virus is associated with cancer?

A

human papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer

41
Q

chlamydiae

A

related to bacteria but lack enzymes for metabolic processes

42
Q

two forms of clamydiae

A

elementary body and reticulate body

43
Q

elementary body chlamydiae

A

is infectious; posses a cell wall and can bind to epithelial cells

44
Q

reticulate body chlamydiae form

A

is noninfectious but uses the host cell to make ATP and reproduce as an obligate intracellular organism; will eventually change in EBs

45
Q

what does chlamydiae cause?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women

46
Q

rickettsiae

A

are tiny gram-negative bacteria that live inside a host cell (obligate intracellular parasites)

47
Q

how are rickettsiae transmitted?

A

insect vectors (lice or ticks) that cause diseases like typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever

48
Q

what does rickettsiae cause?

A

small hemorrhages and rashes through attacking blood vessel walls

49
Q

mycoplasma

A

is an infection that is a common cause of pneumonia; the microbes lack cell walls and therefore are not treated with antimicrobial drugs

50
Q

fungi infection

A

results from single-celled yeasts or multicellular molds

51
Q

hyphae

A

the long filaments or strands of a fungus that intertwine to form a mass called the mycelium

52
Q

mycelium

A

the visible mass formed by hyphae strands

53
Q

tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot caused by fungus invading the superficial layers of the skin

54
Q

candida

A

a normal, harmless fungi present on the skin; however, when there are imbalances in the normal flora, it may cause infection in the oral cavity

55
Q

histoplasma

A

a fungus that causes infections in the lungs; transmitted by inhaling contaminated dust or soil particles

56
Q

pneumocystis carinii

A

is an opportunist that causes pneumonia; has characteristics of fungi and some of protozoa

57
Q

where do protozoa live?

A

can live on dead organic matter, independently, or in a living host

58
Q

3 examples of diseases caused by protozoa

A

trichomoniasis, malaria, and amebic dysentery

59
Q

trichomonas vaginalis

A

causes a STI in the reproductive tracts through attaching to mucous membranes and causing inflammation

60
Q

what causes malaria?

A

plasmodium which are part of the sporozoa species of nonmotile protozoa

61
Q

what occurs in malaria?

A

microbes enter the RBCs and cause them to eventually rupture, releasing new microbes into the blood, causing acute illness

62
Q

what is malaria transmitted by?

A

the female anopheles mosquito

63
Q

helminths

A

not microorganisms but often in this category; are parasitic worms that cause infections; are multicellular, and eukaryotic

64
Q

three stages of helminths

A

ovum (egg), larva, and adult

65
Q

how are helminths transmitted?

A

usually through ingesting contaminated food or water when they are in the ova or larvae stage

66
Q

where are helminths found?

A

usually in the intestine, but also the lungs or blood vessels

67
Q

types of helminths

A

pinworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and ascaris (giant roundworms)

68
Q

how are prions transmitted?

A

transmitted by consumption of contaminated tissues such as muscle or brain or the use of donor tissues

69
Q

what is a prion?

A

a protein-like agent that is an abnormal molecule; it induces proteins within the brain to undergo abnormal folding and changes of shape

70
Q

what diseases can prions cause?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (and variants), fatal familial insomnia, gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, and kuru

71
Q

resident flora

A

normal population of microorganisms (primarily bacteria) on the skin, in the nasal cavity, and the mouth; different sites host different species

72
Q

what areas of the body lack a resident flora?

A

the lungs, brain, bladder, and kidneys

73
Q

why is a resident flora good?

A

can help with synthesis of vitamins (ex. K in digestive processes) and can prevent other organisms from starting a colony

74
Q

antibacterial drugs and the resident flora

A

can destroy part of the normal flora and allow for an imbalance or growth of other microbes, causing opportunistic infection

Anatomy and Phyisology (71 decks)

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