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Anatomy and Phyisology > BIOL 1260: fetal development > Flashcards

BIOL 1260: fetal development Flashcards

1
Q

cleavage

A

is the rapid cell division of a fertilized egg into a large number of cells; the embryo size remains the same but the cells get smaller

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2
Q

normal mitosis phases

A

is typically a growth phase, a S phase, a growth phase, and then a mitosis stage

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3
Q

cleavage phases of mitosis

A

instead of growth stages, there is only S and M phases; this results in daughter cells that don’t grow but remain half the size of their parent

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4
Q

gastrulation

A

is cell movements that result in the establishment of embryonic germ layers

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5
Q

3 germ layers

A

mesoderm, ecoterm, and endoderm

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6
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of embryos that develops into the gut, liver, and lungs

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7
Q

mesoderm

A

is the middle embryonic layer and develops into the skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, and blood

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8
Q

ectoderm

A

outside embryonic layer that develops into the skin and nervous system

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9
Q

coelom

A

the hollow cavity established by embryonic germ layers and is only found in mammals

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10
Q

insects vs vertebraes CNS

A

for insects, the CNS is on the ventral side not like dorsal side like in vertebrates

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11
Q

what occurs at the same time as cleavage?

A

the embryo is moving closer to the uterus

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12
Q

when does the embryo reach the uterus?

A

day 3-5; it implants in the uterus around day 7

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13
Q

what stage is the embryo at when it reaches the uterus?

A

the 128 cell blastocyst

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14
Q

mammalian cleavage

A

is rotational, meaning each cleavage is perpendicular to the previous cleavage, resulting is a less symmetrical cleavage appearance

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15
Q

totipotent meaning

A

these cells can give rise to all cells of the embryo, including embryonic stem cells and extraembryonic structures

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16
Q

how many cells of the embryo are in the totipotent phase?

A

8

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17
Q

compaction

A

occurs at the 8 cell stage when the cells become so tightly adhered to each other that you can no longer see the boundaries between them

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18
Q

significance of compaction

A

at this phase, the inside and the outside are being established; the inside will become the embryo and the outside if the extra embryonic tissue

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19
Q

morula

A

is the 16-32 cell stage

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20
Q

morula structure

A

has a small group of internal cell mass and the larger group that is the trophoblast

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21
Q

inner cell mass

A

will give rise to the embryo as these cells are pluripotent

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22
Q

what does the inner cell mass give rise to?

A

the yolk sac, the allantois, and amnion

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23
Q

pluripotent meaning

A

this is found in the ICM and means these cells can give rise to every cell type except trophoblast

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24
Q

trophoblast

A

larger group of outer cells that give rise to the chorion

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25
Q

chorion

A

extra embryonic tissue that becomes a portion of the placenta

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26
Q

blastocyst

A

is the 64+ cell stage

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27
Q

cavitation meaning and structure of cells

A

trophoblast cells secrete Na+ and other ions into the spaces between the cells via osmosis; this is done via Na+/K+ ATPase on the apical surface and Na+/H+ antiporter on the basal side

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28
Q

blastocyst structure

A

the cells on the outside form a hollow sphere, the cells at the top is inner cell masses, and at the bottom is the blastocyst cavity; also surrounded by a zona pellucida

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29
Q

blastocyst hatching

A

this occurs at the 64 cell stage once the embryo is in the uterus and squeezes out of the glycoprotein layer through secreting enzymes by the trophoblast

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30
Q

zona pellucida function for embryos

A

this prevents the embryo from implanting in the oviduct, thus preventing ectopic pregnancy

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31
Q

implantation

A

is when the hatched blastocyst secretes enzymes to digest endometrium ECM that allows it to bury itself into the uterine wall

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32
Q

mammal embryo nutrition

A

yolk sac is limited and most nutrition is from the placenta

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33
Q

what does the trophoblast develop into?

A

the cytotrophoblast and then the syncytiotrophoblast

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34
Q

what collectively become the chorion?

A

the cytotrophoblast and then the syncytiotrophoblast

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35
Q

what does the hypoblast become?

A

the yolk sac

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36
Q

what does the epiblast become?

A

the embryonic epiblast which then becomes the 3 germ layer

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37
Q

timing for egg fertilization

A

most likely to occur if intercouse occurs 2 days before ovulation to one day after

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38
Q

pH of sperm leaving the testis

A

7.4

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39
Q

pH of sperm in the epididymis

A

6.5

40
Q

pH of sperm in the semen

A

6.9

41
Q

pH of the oviduct

A

7.4

42
Q

pH and sperm structure

A

the changing pH of the location of the sperm allows them to become functional and swim; specifically, in the oviduct they gain functional to swim

43
Q

capication

A

refers to the structural changes of the sperm due to pH levels, allowing them to gain their ability to swim and to allow their plasma membrane to fuse with the oocyte

44
Q

changes to the head of the sperm during capacitation

A

the secretions from the female tract remove glycoproteins and cholesterol from the head, allowing them to be more attractive to oocytes

45
Q

anatomy of the ovum

A

the ovum is surrounded by the polar body, the zona pellucida, and some granulosa cells (corona radiata)

46
Q

when is fertilization considered to occur?

A

when the head of the sperm meets the plasma membrane of the ovum

47
Q

what happens to the ovum when fertilization occurs?

A

the oocyte completes meiosis II

48
Q

syngamy

A

is the process of 2 haploid nucleus forming a zygote

49
Q

day 1 post fertilization

A

2 cells are present due to 1 cleavage

50
Q

day 2 post fertilization

A

4 cells due to 2 cleavages

51
Q

day 4 post fertilization

A

compaction has occurred and the morula is now present (16-32 cells)

52
Q

day 5 post fertilization

A

the blastocyst is present and hatching begins

53
Q

uterine milk

A

this nourishes the morula and is a glycogen rich secretion from the endometrial glands; it also establishes the blastocyst cavity

54
Q

day 7 post fertilization

A

the blastocyst undergoes implantation

55
Q

where does implantation occur in the uterus?

A

the posterior fundus or the body of the uterus

56
Q

blastocyst implantation position

A

it orientents itself so the inner cell mass faces the uterine wall

57
Q

what occurs to the endometrium after implantation?

A

the endometrial glands enlarge and this become more vascularized

58
Q

decidua

A

the endometrium after implantation has occured

59
Q

different regions of the decidua

A

the decidua basalis, the decidua capsularis, and the decidua peristalsis

60
Q

decidua basalis

A

is the portion of the endometrium between the embryo and the stratum basalis

61
Q

decidua capsularis

A

the portion of the endometrium between the embryo and the uterine cavity and is a single cell layer thick

62
Q

decidua peristalsis

A

is the remaining part of the endometrium that are not either of the other 2

63
Q

2 phases that occur in late human embryonic development

A

gastrulation and neurulation

64
Q

what occurs after implantation?

A

the trophoblast divides into 2 layers: the cytotrophoblast (holds the shape of the embryo) and the syncytiotrophoblast (this penetrates deep into the uterus); the hypoblast is also forming

65
Q

what forms the hypoblast

A

the inner cell mass

66
Q

yolk sac functions (6)

A

supplies nutrients to the embryo for the first couple of weeks; is the source of blood cells; is the site for PCGs; forms part of the gut; acts as a shock absorber; and prevents desiccation

67
Q

when is the yolk sac useful?

A

2-6 weeks

68
Q

lacunae

A

are regions surrounding the embryo that pool with maternal blood to supply the embryo

69
Q

neurulation

A

begins with the formation of the notochord from the mesoderm, with then becomes the neural tube and this develops into the CNS

70
Q

when does neurulation occur?

A

about 22 days post fertilization

71
Q

chorionic villi

A

are pockets of fetal blood that absorb blood from the lacunae through the syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast to provide nutrition and remove waste products

72
Q

what carries nutrient rich blood to the fetus?

A

the umbilical vein

73
Q

what carries fetal waste back to the blood?

A

the umbilical artery

74
Q

2 components of the placenta

A

the decidua basalis (maternal component) and the chorionic villi (fetal component)

75
Q

how does fetal and maternal blood not mix?

A

via the two layers separating the placenta structure that are the syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast

76
Q

when does organogenesis occur?

A

begins at week 4 and completes around week 8

77
Q

weeks 5 to 8

A

the brain is rapidly developing, along with the head, the four heart chambers are established, limbs with digits appear, and external genitals begin to differentiate

78
Q

embryo vs fetus

A

fetus is 9th week post fertilization until birth and embryo is pre 9th week

79
Q

allometry meaning

A

the growth of structure, however, the growth is not relative to each other as the head develops much faster

80
Q

fetal circulation 3 important structures

A

ductus venosus, forearm ovale, and ductus arteriosus

81
Q

ductus venosus

A

allows the umbilical vein to bypass the hepatic portal circulation

82
Q

forearm ovale

A

is a gap connecting the right and left atrium, allowing for the pulmonary circulation to be bypassed

83
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

connects the pulmonary trunk to the descending aorta, allowing for the pulmonary circulation to be bypassed

84
Q

why can the pulmonary circuit be bypassed?

A

because O2 is being supplied by the placenta

85
Q

when can pregnancy hormonal changes be detected?

A

8 days post fertilization and peaks around 9 weeks

86
Q

first pregnancy hormone that can be detected?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

87
Q

function of human chorionic gonadotropin

A

rescues the corpus luteum from degenerating until the placenta can form which is during the third or fourth month of pregnancy

88
Q

significance of the corpus luteum for pregnancy

A

it supplies hormones to the endometrium, prepares the mammary glands, and creates other changes in the maternal body for pregnancy

89
Q

relaxin functions

A

increases flexibility of the pubic symphysis and dilates the cervix during labour

90
Q

what hormones does the placenta produce?

A

human chorionic somatomammotropin (the larger the placenta, the more produced) and corticotropin releasing hormone

91
Q

function of human chorionic somatomammotropin

A

prepares the mammary glands for lactation, enhances growth by protein synthesis, and decreases glucose use and increase fatty acid use for ATP production

92
Q

primary ATP source for the fetus

A

fatty acids

93
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone

A

this establishes the timing of labour and helps to increase cortisol secretions

94
Q

significance of cortical secretions

A

helps to prepare the baby’s lungs to prepare for breathing on its own, as well as triggering surfactant to develop

95
Q

levels of hormones throughout pregnancy

A

estrogen and progesterone gradulary increase and there is a large spike of hCG at the beginning

96
Q

4 hormones produced by the placenta

A

hCg, relaxin, hCs, and corticotropin releasing hormone

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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