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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH module 3: immunodeficiency > Flashcards

HLTH module 3: immunodeficiency Flashcards

1
Q

what is immunodeficiency?

A

a loss of function of the immune system, leading to increased risk of infection and cancer

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2
Q

primary deficiencies

A

involve a basic development failure somewhere in the immune system (ex. bone marrow)

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3
Q

examples of primary deficiencies

A

hypogammaglobulinemia and DiGeorge syndrome

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4
Q

hypogammaglobulinemia

A

low antibody levels because of a B-cell defect

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5
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

hypoplasia of the thymus

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6
Q

hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of a tissue

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7
Q

secondary immunodeficiency

A

aka acquired immunodeficiency; loss of the immune system response resulting from specific causes; can occur with infection (particularly viral infections), removal of the spleen, malnutrition, liver disease, the use of immunosuppressive drugs, and radiation or chemo

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8
Q

why is cancer associated with immonodeficency?

A

because there is malnutrition, blood loss, and the effects of treatment that depress bone marrow production of WBCs

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9
Q

how do glucocorticoids increase immunodeficiency?

A

they decrease leukocyte production, cause atrophy of lymph nodes, and suppression of the immune response

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10
Q

why does stress cause immunodeficiency?

A

because high levels of glucocorticoids are produced in the body

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11
Q

how does AIDS or HIV cause immunodeficiency

A

by affecting T-helper cells, causing an increased risk to secondary infections and cancer

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12
Q

what drugs are important for immunodeficient individuals?

A

prophylactic antimicrobial drugs (these are preventative antibiotics)

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13
Q

what are increased risks for immunodeficient individuals?

A

higher risk of cancer and opportunistic infections from normally harmless microorganisms

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14
Q

treatment for immunodeficient individuals

A

replacement therapy for antibodies using gamma globulins, as well as sometimes bone marrow or thymus transplants

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15
Q

HIV stages

A

prolonged period followed by a period of active infection

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16
Q

what is AIDS?

A

the active stage of infection in individuals with the HIV virus

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17
Q

what are markers that someone may be HIV positive?

A

P carinii pneumonia or Kaposi sarcoma cancer with no other pathologies present

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18
Q

how is HIV transferred?

A

usually male-to-male sexual contact, but also heterosexual contact, drug injection, and a combination of drug use and male-to-male sexual contact

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19
Q

what type of virus is HIV?

A

a retrovirus and this means that is has an RNA genome

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20
Q

what is the subfamily of the HIV virus?

A

lentivirus

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21
Q

where is HIV-1 commonly found?

A

US and Europe

22
Q

where is HIV-2 commonly found?

A

central Africa

23
Q

what specific T-helper lymphocyte does HIV affect?

A

the CD4 positive ones

24
Q

HIV and the lymphatic system relationship

A

the virus often uses the lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen as a reservoir for continued infection

25
Q

HIV virus anatomy

A

the core contains two strands of RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase; the coat is covered with a lipid envelope studded with spikes of glycoproteins that the virus uses to attach to human cells

26
Q

what type of HIV transmission develops quickest?

A

injections

27
Q

how is HIV tested for?

A

looking for antibodies and viral RNA or DNA through polymerase chain reaction technology; can also look for opportunistic infections of cancers

28
Q

why can antibodies not destroy HIV virus?

A

because the virus is hidden safely inside host cells in the lymphoid tissue, there are slight mutations in the viral envelope, and the destruction of T-helper cells and macrophages depresses the immune system

29
Q

what measures should healthcare workers take when working with a HIV patient?

A

should always assume that there is a risk of infection, should seek counselling, and postexposure prophylaxis

30
Q

who are individuals with high risk of HIV?

A

those who are intravenous drug users and those with multiple shared sexual partners

31
Q

what drug helps to protect the fetus from an HIV mother?

A

azidothymidine

32
Q

three-stage process for HIV testing

A
  1. look for HIV1/2 antigen or antibody 2/ differentiate between HIV1/2 antibodies 3. use a nucleic acid test to confirm HIV-1 positivity and eliminate a false negative
33
Q

what do CD4 lymphocytes change to during opportunistic infection?

A

CD8

34
Q

what antibody increases during HIV infection?

A

igG

35
Q

HIV symptoms during the first phase

A

flu like symptoms including low fever, fatigue, and sore throat

36
Q

HIV symptoms during the second phase

A

enlarged lymph nodes or general lymphadenopathy; many exhibit no symptoms during this phase

37
Q

final acute stage symptoms of HIV

A

GI effects, neurological effects, secondary infections, infection around the teeth, weight loss, necrosis, and malignancies

38
Q

HIV encephalopathy

A

aka general brain dysfunction; is the AIDS dementia by brain cell infection, often aggravated by malignant tumors

39
Q

HIV encephalopathy signs

A

confusion, cognitive impairment, memory loss, loss of coordination and balance, and depression

40
Q

what is the primary cause of death in AIDS patients?

A

secondary infections

41
Q

what does kaposi sarcoma affect?

A

the skin, mucous membranes and internal organs; skin appears purple or brown and is not itchy

42
Q

signs of AIDS in children

A

children are usually smaller, exhibit failure to thrive, have developmental delays, and neurologic impairs (seizures and poor motor skills)

43
Q

six classes of HIV drugs

A

non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors

44
Q

antiretroviral therapy

A

the use of multiple drugs to treat HIV; often used in combinations of 3-5 to prolong the latent phase

45
Q

when should HIV treatment begin?

A

when severe symptoms are present, when CD-4 positive T cell count is less than 500, during pregnancy, during HIV-related kidney disease, and ongoing treatment for hep B

46
Q

sepsis

A

a toxic condition resulting from the spread of bacteria or their toxic products from a focus of infection; combination of SIRS and infection

47
Q

SIRS

A

systemic inflammatory response syndrome

48
Q

signs of SIRS

A

high or low temperature, high heart rate, and high or low WBC

49
Q

causes of sepsis

A

endogenous tissue damage (ex. pancreatitis), immune freak out, exogenous tissue damage (ex. burns), miscellaneous (thyroid storm, exam jitters)

50
Q

how does sepsis happen

A

a bacterium comes in contact with an immune cell, causing cytokines migrate to injury site via vasodilation, as well as coagulation

Anatomy and Phyisology (72 decks)

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