HLTH cardiovascular diseases

Question 1

types of heart diseases

Answer 1

congenital heart defects, hypertensive heart disease, angina, myocardial infarctions, cardiac arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure

Question 1

preventive measures for decreasing heart disease

Answer 1

focusing on a healthy diet, exercise, moderation of alcohol, cessation of smoking, safe sex, and immunizations

Question 2

common tests for heart disease

Answer 2

ECG, stethoscope, exercise stress tests, chest x-rays films, nuclear imaging, single photon-emission computed tomography, cardiac catheterization, coronary angiography, troponin blood tests, and arterial blood gas determination

Question 3

what are ECGs used for?

Answer 3

for looking for arrhythmias, MI, and pericarditis; they can look for abnormalities in conduction activities

Question 4

what is a stethoscope used for?

Answer 4

can look for valve abnormalities that cause murmurs, congenital defects, and changes in heart function

Question 5

exercise stress tests

Answer 5

asses general cardiovascular function and check for exercise induced problems such as arrhythmias

Question 6

chest-X ray films

Answer 6

show the shape and size of the heart and any evidence of pulmonary congestion

Question 7

nuclear imaging with radioactive substances

Answer 7

asses the size of an infarct in a heart, the extent of myocardial perfusion, and the function of the ventricles

Question 8

single-photon emission computer tomography

Answer 8

a specialised computer tomography that can scan to assess cardiac ischemia at rest

Question 9

cardiac catherization

Answer 9

includes passing a catheter through a blood vessels and into a ventricle; can be used to visualize inside the heart, measure pressures, and assess overall valve function

Question 10

angiography

Answer 10

can allow for visualized coronary blood flow and can be useful for diagnosing obstructions

Question 11

troponin blood tests

Answer 11

measure the level of blood proteins called troponin which are released when cardiac muscles have been damaged; may indicate a MI

Question 12

what do blood tests look for in heart disorders?

Answer 12

serum triglyceride, cholesterol, and electrolyte levels

Question 13

doppler studies

Answer 13

can assess blood flow in the peripheral vessels and use a microscope to record the sound of blood flow or obstruction

Question 14

arterial blood gas determination

Answer 14

useful for checking current O2 levels and acid-base balance; useful for looking for shock and MI

Question 15

what are dietary changes for heart disease?

Answer 15

reducing trans or saturated fat, and reducing sodium to help lower BP

Question 16

why is exercise good for preventing heart disease?

Answer 16

it improves overall cardiovascular function and circulation to areas of the body; also assists with lowering serum-lipid levels and reducing stress

Question 17

why does smoking cause heart disease?

Answer 17

is can cause vasoconstriction, thus increasing the workload on the heart; can also cause platelet adhesion and a risk for thrombus formation; smoking also replaces O2 with carbon monoxide on hemoglobin

Question 18

some drugs caterogies that help with heart disease

Answer 18

vasodilators, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antihypersensitive drugs, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, anticoagulants, and cholesterol lowering drugs

Question 19

vasodialtor drugs

Answer 19

decrease peripheral resistance, may cause dizziness; ex. nitroglycerin

Question 20

beta-blockers

Answer 20

treat hypertension and dysrhythmias through blocking the beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and blocking increased SNS activity; ex. metoprolol

Question 21

calcium channel blockers

Answer 21

block the movement of calcium ions into the cardiac muscle to decrease contraction for hyperactive atira, or decrease the conduction system; ex. amlodipine

Question 22

cardiac glycoside

Answer 22

treats heart failure or acts as an antiarrhythmic through slowing conduction of impulses; ex. digoxin

Question 23

antihypersensitive drugs

Answer 23

those that lower BP; includes beta blockers, calcium blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ANG II receptor blocking agents

Question 24

ACE inhibitors

Answer 24

used for hypertension by inhibiting the conversion of ANG I to ANG II; ex. vasotec

Question 25

anticoagulants

Answer 25

blood thinners that reduce the risk of blood clot formation in coronary or systemic arteries; ex. aspirin or warfarin

Question 26

cholesterol lowering drugs

Answer 26

prescribed when exercise is ineffective in reducing blood levels; ex. statin drugs such as simvastatin and atorvastatin