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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: review of respiratory and general manifestations > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: review of respiratory and general manifestations Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

is made up of the passageways that conduct air between the atmosphere and the lungs

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2
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

consists of the trachea, bronchial tree, and the lungs, or where gas exchange takes place

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3
Q

scarlet fever

A

is caused by group A streptococcus bacteria and originates in the respiratory system

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4
Q

signs of scarlet fever

A

abscess around the tonsils, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, ear, sinus, and skin infections, pneumonia, heart disease caused by rheumatic fever, kidney disease, and arthritis

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5
Q

4 pairs of paranasal sinuses

A

these are small cavities in the skull bones and are the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses

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6
Q

respiratory mucosa

A

is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, along with mucus secreting goblet cells

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7
Q

ciliary escalator

A

is the process of the mucus that traps particles and the cilia that sweep up the mucus out of the respiratory tract

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8
Q

purpose of sneezing and coughing

A

is used to remove unwanted materials away from the lungs

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9
Q

damage of smoking to the upper respiratory tract

A

smoking impairs the function of cilia and also causes the ciliated epithelium to be replaced by squamous cells

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10
Q

pharyngeal tonsils

A

consist of lymphoid tissue and are another defence against foreign material; these are located on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx

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11
Q

palatine tonsils

A

are lymphoid tissue located in the posterior portion of the oral cavity

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12
Q

resident flora in the respiratory tract

A

the upper tract has flora whereas the lungs contain no microorganisms

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13
Q

larynx

A

consists of various cartilages and their associated muscles; contains thyroid cartilage, vocal cords, and the glottis

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14
Q

trachea structure

A

is 16 to 20 hyaline cartilage rings, fibroelastic tissue, and smooth muscle

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15
Q

right vs left bronchus

A

the right is larger and straighter than the left

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16
Q

what coats the inside surfaces of alveoli?

A

surfactant, which reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid, thus preventing total collapse of these during expiration

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17
Q

mediastinum

A

is the region in the center of the chest that contains the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and the trachea

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18
Q

lobes of the lungs (R vs L)

A

right lung has three and left lung has 2

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19
Q

the thorax

A

consists of the ribs, vertebrae, and sternum, which provide a rigid, protective wall for the lungs

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20
Q

what are the true ribs?

A

the upper seven pairs; these articulate with the vertebrae and the sternum

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21
Q

false ribs

A

are the 8th-12th pairs that do not connect to the sternum directly

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22
Q

Boyle’s law for respiration

A

as the size of the thoracic cavity decreases, the pressure inside the cavity increases

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23
Q

compliance meaning

A

refers to the ability of the lungs to expand; depends on the elasticity of the tissues, alveolar surface tension, and the shape, size, and flexibility of the thorax

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24
Q

pulmonary volumes

A

are a measure of ventilatory capacity, which is the measure of air moving in and out of the lungs

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25
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air entering the lungs with each normal breath

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26
Q

residual volume

A

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

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27
Q

inspiratory reserve

A

maximal amount of air that can be inhaled in excess of normal quiet inspiration

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28
Q

expiratory reserve

A

maximal volume of air expired following a passive expiration

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29
Q

vital capacity

A

maximal amount of air expired following a maximal inspiration

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30
Q

total lung capacity

A

total volume of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration

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31
Q

what maintains partial inflation of the lungs?

A

residual volume

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32
Q

dead space

A

refers to the passageways or areas where gas exchange cannot take place

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33
Q

where are breathing control centres located?

A

the medulla and the pons

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34
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex

A

when stretch receptors in the lungs prevent excessive lung expansion

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35
Q

what factors can impair respiration

A

drugs like morphine, hypothalamus controls like the Hering-Bruer reflex, and concentrations of CO2 in the blood

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36
Q

central vs peripheral chemoreceptors

A

central are located in the medulla and respond to partial pressures of CO2 and peripheral ones are located in the carotid bodies and are sensitive to decreased O2 levels and low PH

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37
Q

hypercapnia

A

when CO2 levels in the blood increase

38
Q

how is the inspiration centre activation?

A

via high CO2 levels in the blood that diffuse into the CSF, lowering the pH in the brain and stimulating the respiratory centre; respiratory acidosis also occurs

39
Q

partial pressure

A

the concentration of a gas in a mixture

40
Q

Dalton’s law

A

each gas in a mixture moves or diffuses according to its own partial pressure gradient and is independent of other gases

41
Q

what is found in atmospheric air?

A

O2, CO2, Nitrogen, and Water

42
Q

what happens when fluid accumulates in the alveoli or ISF?

A

the respiratory membrane thickens and diffusion of gases becomes difficult

43
Q

what may destroy an alveolar wall?

A

fibrosis in the lungs or emphysema

44
Q

ventilation-perfusion ratio

A

the ratio of the amount of air reaching the respiratory membrane from the lungs and from the vessels

45
Q

fully saturated meaning

A

when all four heme molecules in a hemoglobin have taken up the oxygen

46
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

refers to oxygen being transported by a hemoglobin

47
Q

how is CO2 transported?

A

dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or most is buffered to H2CO2 and converted to HCO3-

48
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

when CO2 binds to hemoglobin through attaching to an amino group on the globin portion

49
Q

common tests for respiratory function

A

spirometry, ABG determinations, oximeters, exercise tolerance, radiography, bronchoscopy, and culture tests

50
Q

spirometry

A

pulmonary function testing and is used to test pulmonary volumes, measuring volume and airflow times

51
Q

ABG determinations

A

are used to check O2, CO2, HCO3-, as well as serum pH

52
Q

oximeters

A

measure O2 saturation

53
Q

exercise tolerance testing

A

is useful in patients with chronic pulmonary disease for diagnosis and monitoring

54
Q

radiography

A

is helpful in evaluating tumors of infections

55
Q

bronchoscopy

A

may be used to check the site of a lesion or bleeding

56
Q

general manifestations of respiratory disease

A

sneezing, coughing, sputum, breathing patterns, breath sounds, dyspnea, cyanosis, pleural pain, friction rub, clubbed fingers, and changes in ABGs

57
Q

sneezing

A

is a reflex response to irritation in the upper respiratory tract and assists in removing the irritant; it is associated with inflammation or foreign material in the nasal passages

58
Q

coughing

A

may result from irritation caused by a nasal discharge dripping into the oropharynx, from inflammation or foreign material in the lower respiratory tract, or from inhaled irritants like toacco

59
Q

where is the cough reflex controlled?

A

the medulla

60
Q

how does coughing work?

A

coordinated actions coordinated by the medulla that inspire air and then close the glottis and vocal cords; this is then followed by a forceful expiration, in which the glottis is opened and the unwanted material is blown upward and out of the mouth

61
Q

example of a cough suppressant medication

A

codeine

62
Q

sputum

A

aka mucoid discharge from the respiratory tract; secretions are usually thin, clear, colorless or cream coloured, and other colours may signify a problem

63
Q

yellow-green sputum

A

often is indicative of a bacterial infection

64
Q

rusty or dark-colored spuntum

A

is usually a sign of pneumococcal pneumonia

65
Q

sputum with a foul odor and lots of pus

A

is associated with bronchiectasis

66
Q

thick, thicky sputum

A

associated with asthma or cystic fibrosis

67
Q

hemoptysis, frothy sputum

A

is associated with pulmonary edema and contains blood

68
Q

eupnea

A

normal breathing rate; is 10-18 respirations per minute and is effortless

69
Q

kussmaul respirations

A

are deep, rapid respirations or ‘air hunger’; these are typical of an acidosis state or may follow strenuous exercise

70
Q

labored respirations

A

are often associated with obstruction in the airways

71
Q

wheezing

A

indicates obstruction in the small airways

72
Q

stridor

A

is a high-pitched crowing sound and is usually indicative or upper airway obstruction

73
Q

what are abnormal breath sounds called (2)?

A

rales and rhonchi; these result from air mixing with excessive secretions in the lungs

74
Q

rales

A

are light, bubbly, or cracking sounds associated with serous secretions

75
Q

rhonchi

A

are deeper and harsher sounds resulting from thickers mucus

76
Q

what does absence of breath sounds indicate?

A

non aeration or collapse of a lung

77
Q

name for a collapsed lung?

A

atelectasis

78
Q

dyspnea

A

is a subjective feeling of discomfort when a person feels they are unable to inhale enough air

79
Q

severe dyspnea

A

may be accompanied by flaring of the nostrils, use of the accessory respiratory muscles, or retraction of the muscles between or above the ribs

80
Q

orthopnea

A

is dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down and occurs as blood pools in the lungs and the abdominal contents push upward against the lungs; body should be lifted with pillows

81
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

is a sudden acute type of dyspnea common in those with left-sided CHF; during sleep, the body fluid is redistributed, leading to pulmonary edema and the individual waking up gasping for air and coughing

82
Q

three types of dyspnea

A

severe dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

83
Q

cyanosis

A

is the bluish coloring of the skin and mucous membranes that results from large amounts of oxygenated hemoglobin in the blood; common in those with cardiovascular conditions and respiratory disease

84
Q

pleural pain

A

results from inflammation and infection of the parietal pleura

85
Q

friction rub

A

is a soft sound produced as the rough membranes move against each other and may be heard; may be caused by lobar pneumonia or lung infarction

86
Q

clubbed fingers

A

result from chronic hypoxia associated with respiratory or cardiovascular disease; is a firm, painless, fibrotic enlargement at the end of the digit, and may also occur in toes

87
Q

hypoxemia vs hypoxia

A

hypoxemia is inadequate O2 in the blood and hypoxia is inadequate supply to cells

88
Q

what can hypoxemia or hypoxia be caused by?

A

a deficit of RBCs, circulatory impairment, excessive release of O2 from RBCs, impaired respiratory function, and carbon monoxide poisoning

89
Q

signs of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

bright red coloring of the skin and mucosa, headache, and drowsiness

90
Q

effects of hypoxia

A

affects cell metabolism, reducing function and leading to anaerobic metabolism and the development of metabolic acidosis; cerebral hypoxia affects the sympathetic NS; erythropoietin secretion is also increased

91
Q

signs of hypoxia

A

fatigue, muscle weakness, lethargy, tachycardia, and increased BP

92
Q

productive vs unproductive cough

A

a productive cough removes exudate and fluids from the lungs whereas a nonproductive does not and is dry

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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