HLTH 2501: digestive system review

Question 1

function of the liver in the digestive system

Answer 1

reassembles the component nutrients into new materials as the body needs them; ex. amino acids are used by the liver to produce new proteins

Question 2

upper tract of GI tract

Answer 2

mouth, esophagus, and stomach

Question 3

lower tract of GI

Answer 3

intestines

Question 4

5 continuous layers of the GI tract

Answer 4

mucosa and epithelial, submucosal layer, circulator smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle, and the serosa

Question 5

peritoneum and layers

Answer 5

large serous membrane in the abdominal cavity; parietal layer covers the abdominal wall and visceral encases the organs

Question 6

peritoneal cavity

Answer 6

the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers

Question 7

why may tumors develop in the adominal cavity

Answer 7

because the serous membrane in thin and permeable, allowing for the spread of infections and tumors from the general circulation

Question 8

mesentery

Answer 8

a double layer of peritoneum that supports the intestines and coneys blood vessels and nerves to supply the wall of the intestine

Question 9

what does the mesentry attatch

Answer 9

the jejunum and the ileum to the posterior wall

Question 10

greater omentum

Answer 10

a layer of fatty peritoneum that hangs from the stomach like an apron over the anterior surface of the transverse colon and the small intestine

Question 11

the lesser omentum

Answer 11

part of the peritoneum that suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver

Question 12

inflammation in the GI tract

Answer 12

tends to occur in the omentum and peritoneum and may lead to scar tissue and the formation of adhesions between structures in the abdominal cavity such as loops of intestine

Question 13

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 13

pancreas and kidneys

Question 14

3 salivary glands

Answer 14

parotoid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Question 15

what enzyme does saliva contain?

Answer 15

amylase which breaks down carbs in the mouth to glycogen and disaccharides

Question 16

major digestive enzymes

Answer 16

salivary amylase, pepsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, pancreatic nucleases, intestinal peptidase, and intestinal lipase

Question 17

where is salivary amylase secreted from?

Answer 17

parotid gland

Question 18

pepsin

Answer 18

secreted by gastric chief cells and splits proteins

Question 19

pancreatic lipase

Answer 19

splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 20

pancreatic nucleases

Answer 20

split nucleic acids into nucleotides

Question 21

intestinal peptidase

Answer 21

secreted from mucosa layer and converts peptides into amino acids

Question 22

what cranial nerves are associated with swallowing

Answer 22

trigeminal and glossopharyngeal

Question 23

how does swallowing occur?

Answer 23

soft palate is pulled upwards, the epiglottis covers the larynx, respiration ceases, and peristalsis occurs

Question 24

anatomy of the stomach

Answer 24

muscosa folds into rugae when empty and 3 smooth muscle layers instead of 2 (additional oblique muscle)

Question 25

what does chyme do?

Answer 25

initiates the digestion of proteins

Question 26

role of hydrochloric acid

Answer 26

converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 27

what is hydrochloric acid secreted by?

Answer 27

parietal cells

Question 28

what is intrinsic factor secreted by?

Answer 28

parietal cells

Question 29

what stimulates parietal and chief cells?

Answer 29

gatrin

Question 30

where do pancreatic and liver secretions enter the small intestine?

Answer 30

via the ampulla of vater and the duodenal papilla

Question 31

kupffer cells

Answer 31

remove and phagocytose any foreign material and bacteria from the GI tract before blood enters the circulation; found in the liver and line the sinusoids

Question 32

what nutrients do hepatocytes store?

Answer 32

A, B6, B12, D, K, and folic acid

Question 33

glycogenolysis

Answer 33

hepatocytes break down liver glycogen to glucose when blood glucose levels drop and glucagon secretion increases

Question 34

gluconeogenesis

Answer 34

the formation of glucose from molecules that are not themselves carbohydrates

Question 35

glycogenesis

Answer 35

converting glucose to glycogen via insulin when blood glucose levels are high; under hormonal influence such as cortisol or epinephrine

Question 36

why does amino acid conversion take place?

Answer 36

to maintain the amino acid pool in the blood

Question 37

what produces bile?

Answer 37

hepatocytes of the liver

Question 38

what is bile?

Answer 38

a mixture of water, bile salts, bile pigment or bilirubin, cholesterol, and electrolytes including HCO3-

Question 39

function of bile

Answer 39

to emulsify fats and fat-soluble vitamins before they are absorbed from the intestine

Question 40

function of HCO3- in bile

Answer 40

assists in neutralizing the gastric acid to increase the pH of the small intestine

Question 41

function of the pancreas

Answer 41

secretes digestive enzymes, electrolytes, and water into ducts that drain into the small intestine

Question 42

major proteolytic enzymes in pancreatic secretions

Answer 42

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and ribonuclease

Question 43

major site of nutrient absorption

Answer 43

the ileum

Question 44

enzymes produced in the small intestine mucosa

Answer 44

cholecystokinin, peptidase, nucleosidases, lipase, sucrase, matlase, and lactase

Question 45

peyer patches

Answer 45

found in the ileum and limit the spread of of bacteria into the small intestine

Question 46

vitamin K signficance

Answer 46

required for the production of clotting factors, such as prothrombin and fibrinogen

Question 47

what nerve is responsible for peristalsis?

Answer 47

vagus nerve (X)

Question 48

cholecystokinin

Answer 48

stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and stimulates the gallbladder contractions and release of bile; also inhibits gastric empyting

Question 49

secretin

Answer 49

decreases gastric secretions and stimulates bile and pancreatic and pancreatic secretions with high HCO3- content

Question 50

what nerves are associated with saliva production?

Answer 50

the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

Question 51

what are complex carbohydrates broken down to?

Answer 51

simple sugars or monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, and fructose)

Question 52

protein breakdown

Answer 52

proteins are split into peptides or short chains of amino acids, then into single amino acids via peptidases

Question 53

what substances move into the blood via simple diffusion?

Answer 53

water soluble vitamins (B and C) and iron, copper, and zinc