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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: digestive system review > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: digestive system review Flashcards

1
Q

function of the liver in the digestive system

A

reassembles the component nutrients into new materials as the body needs them; ex. amino acids are used by the liver to produce new proteins

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2
Q

upper tract of GI tract

A

mouth, esophagus, and stomach

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3
Q

lower tract of GI

A

intestines

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4
Q

5 continuous layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa and epithelial, submucosal layer, circulator smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle, and the serosa

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5
Q

peritoneum and layers

A

large serous membrane in the abdominal cavity; parietal layer covers the abdominal wall and visceral encases the organs

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6
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

the potential space between the parietal and visceral layers

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7
Q

why may tumors develop in the adominal cavity

A

because the serous membrane in thin and permeable, allowing for the spread of infections and tumors from the general circulation

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8
Q

mesentery

A

a double layer of peritoneum that supports the intestines and coneys blood vessels and nerves to supply the wall of the intestine

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9
Q

what does the mesentry attatch

A

the jejunum and the ileum to the posterior wall

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10
Q

greater omentum

A

a layer of fatty peritoneum that hangs from the stomach like an apron over the anterior surface of the transverse colon and the small intestine

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11
Q

the lesser omentum

A

part of the peritoneum that suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver

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12
Q

inflammation in the GI tract

A

tends to occur in the omentum and peritoneum and may lead to scar tissue and the formation of adhesions between structures in the abdominal cavity such as loops of intestine

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13
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

pancreas and kidneys

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14
Q

3 salivary glands

A

parotoid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

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15
Q

what enzyme does saliva contain?

A

amylase which breaks down carbs in the mouth to glycogen and disaccharides

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16
Q

major digestive enzymes

A

salivary amylase, pepsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, pancreatic nucleases, intestinal peptidase, and intestinal lipase

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17
Q

where is salivary amylase secreted from?

A

parotid gland

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18
Q

pepsin

A

secreted by gastric chief cells and splits proteins

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19
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

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20
Q

pancreatic nucleases

A

split nucleic acids into nucleotides

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21
Q

intestinal peptidase

A

secreted from mucosa layer and converts peptides into amino acids

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22
Q

what cranial nerves are associated with swallowing

A

trigeminal and glossopharyngeal

23
Q

how does swallowing occur?

A

soft palate is pulled upwards, the epiglottis covers the larynx, respiration ceases, and peristalsis occurs

24
Q

anatomy of the stomach

A

muscosa folds into rugae when empty and 3 smooth muscle layers instead of 2 (additional oblique muscle)

25
Q

what does chyme do?

A

initiates the digestion of proteins

26
Q

role of hydrochloric acid

A

converts pepsinogen to pepsin

27
Q

what is hydrochloric acid secreted by?

A

parietal cells

28
Q

what is intrinsic factor secreted by?

A

parietal cells

29
Q

what stimulates parietal and chief cells?

A

gatrin

30
Q

where do pancreatic and liver secretions enter the small intestine?

A

via the ampulla of vater and the duodenal papilla

31
Q

kupffer cells

A

remove and phagocytose any foreign material and bacteria from the GI tract before blood enters the circulation; found in the liver and line the sinusoids

32
Q

what nutrients do hepatocytes store?

A

A, B6, B12, D, K, and folic acid

33
Q

glycogenolysis

A

hepatocytes break down liver glycogen to glucose when blood glucose levels drop and glucagon secretion increases

34
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

the formation of glucose from molecules that are not themselves carbohydrates

35
Q

glycogenesis

A

converting glucose to glycogen via insulin when blood glucose levels are high; under hormonal influence such as cortisol or epinephrine

36
Q

why does amino acid conversion take place?

A

to maintain the amino acid pool in the blood

37
Q

what produces bile?

A

hepatocytes of the liver

38
Q

what is bile?

A

a mixture of water, bile salts, bile pigment or bilirubin, cholesterol, and electrolytes including HCO3-

39
Q

function of bile

A

to emulsify fats and fat-soluble vitamins before they are absorbed from the intestine

40
Q

function of HCO3- in bile

A

assists in neutralizing the gastric acid to increase the pH of the small intestine

41
Q

function of the pancreas

A

secretes digestive enzymes, electrolytes, and water into ducts that drain into the small intestine

42
Q

major proteolytic enzymes in pancreatic secretions

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and ribonuclease

43
Q

major site of nutrient absorption

A

the ileum

44
Q

enzymes produced in the small intestine mucosa

A

cholecystokinin, peptidase, nucleosidases, lipase, sucrase, matlase, and lactase

45
Q

peyer patches

A

found in the ileum and limit the spread of of bacteria into the small intestine

46
Q

vitamin K signficance

A

required for the production of clotting factors, such as prothrombin and fibrinogen

47
Q

what nerve is responsible for peristalsis?

A

vagus nerve (X)

48
Q

cholecystokinin

A

stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and stimulates the gallbladder contractions and release of bile; also inhibits gastric empyting

49
Q

secretin

A

decreases gastric secretions and stimulates bile and pancreatic and pancreatic secretions with high HCO3- content

50
Q

what nerves are associated with saliva production?

A

the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

51
Q

what are complex carbohydrates broken down to?

A

simple sugars or monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, and fructose)

52
Q

protein breakdown

A

proteins are split into peptides or short chains of amino acids, then into single amino acids via peptidases

53
Q

what substances move into the blood via simple diffusion?

A

water soluble vitamins (B and C) and iron, copper, and zinc

Anatomy and Phyisology (71 decks)

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