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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH nervous system pt 2 > Flashcards

HLTH nervous system pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

hydrocephalus

A

is an accumulation of CSF in the skull common in infants because their sutures have not closed yet; 2 forms

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2
Q

2 types of hydrocephalus

A

noncommunicating/ obstructive and communicating

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3
Q

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

A

occurs when the flow of CSF through the ventricles is blocked and results from stenosis or a neural tube defect; ventricles gradullary dilate and enlarge, creating pressure

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4
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A

occurs when the absorption of CSF from the arachnoid villi is impaired, leading to increased ICP

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5
Q

cause of hydrocephalus

A

developmental abnormalities (stenosis or atresia), thickened arachnoid mater, tumor, infection, or scar tisse

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6
Q

atresia

A

lack of an canal or opening; can cause noncommunicating hydrocephalus

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7
Q

signs of hydrocephalus

A

increased head size in infants, dilated scalp veins, sunset sign, lethargy, and signs of increased ICP

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8
Q

sunset sign

A

is when the white sclera is visible above the coloured iris

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9
Q

spina bifida

A

refers to a group of neural tube disorders that are congenital, and often is a result of the failure of the posterior spinous processes of the vertebrae to fuse

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10
Q

how does the neural tube develop?

A

during the 4th week and extends from the cervical area into the lumbar

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11
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

occurs when the spinous processes do not fuse and herniation of the spinal cord and meninges does not occur and usually is diagnosed by a dimple on the skin

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12
Q

meningocele

A

occurs when the spinous processes do not fuse but herniation of the spinal cord and meninges occurs, forming a sac of CSF

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13
Q

myelomeningocele

A

is the most serious form of spina bifida and occurs when herniation of the spinal cord, nerves, and meninges occurs and results in considerable neurological impairment

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14
Q

causes of spina bifida

A

genetic and environmental (lack of vitamin A or folic acid, gestational diabetes, and radiation)

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15
Q

signs of spina bifida

A

vary depending on which type but may be a sac forming a bulge on the skin, muscle weakness, paralysis, and impaired bladder control

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16
Q

cerebral palsy

A

is characterized by motor impairment in which the brain is damaged during development by hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hemorrhage, infection, or trauma, in which the brain becomes necrotic

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17
Q

how does the brain appear in cerebral palsy?

A

necrotic

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18
Q

kernicterus

A

occurs when bilirubin crosses the blood-brain barrier and damages neurons

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19
Q

most common type of cerebral palsy

A

spastic paralysis

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20
Q

spastic paralysis in cerebral palsy

A

most common type and results from damage to the pyramidal tracts or the motor cortex, causing hyperreflexia and increased muscle tone

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21
Q

signs of spastic paralysis

A

crossed legs, scissors gait, and unilateral use of the hands and feet

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22
Q

dyskinetic cerebral palsy

A

results from damage to the extrapyramidal tracts or basal nuclei, causing athetoid (slow, involuntary writhing) or choreiform (rapid, jerky) involuntary movements and loss of coordination with fine movements

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23
Q

athetoid meaning

A

slow, involuntary writhing; present in dyskinetic CP

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24
Q

choreiform meaning

A

rapid, jerky movements; present in dyskinetic CP

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25
Q

ataxic cerebral palsy

A

results from damage to the cerebellum and causes loss of balance and coordination

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26
Q

what besides motor function is impaired in cerebral palsy?

A

intellectual function, speech, communication, vision, and increased risk of seizures

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27
Q

generalized seizures

A

have multiple foci or origins in deep structures of both hemispheres and the brainstem; causes loss of consciousness

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28
Q

partial seizures

A

have a specific foci and may not cause loss of consciousness; may progress to generalized seizures

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29
Q

cause of a seizure

A

a sudden, uncontrollable depolarization of neurons in the brain causing abnormal motor and sensory activity

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30
Q

status epilepticus

A

are recurrent or continuous seizures that occur without recovery of consciousness

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31
Q

how does the blood change with seizures?

A

acidosis, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, and decreased BP may all develop

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32
Q

precipitating factors to seizures

A

physical stimuli like bright lights and biochemical stimuli like stress, hyperventilation (alkalosis), excessive fluid retention or hypoglycemia

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33
Q

2 types of generalized seizures

A

absence and tonic-clonic

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34
Q

absence (petit mal) seizures

A

common in children and is a brief loss (5-10 seconds) of consciousness with possible twitches of eyes and lips

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35
Q

tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

A

generalized seizures and classic understanding of seizures

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36
Q

signs of a tonic-clonic seizure

A

prodromal signs may occur hours earlier, followed by an aura, loss of consciousness, tonic and clonic contractions, and foaming at the mouth

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37
Q

partial seizures signs

A

repeated motor movements like jerking of the legs, head movements, tingling, and ringing in the ears; consciousness is retained although memory of the episode may be impaired

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38
Q

Jacksonian seizure

A

is a focal seizure in which motor signs/ contractions begin in a specific area and spread

39
Q

temporal lobe or psychomotor seizures

A

are partial seizures and originate in the temporal lobe but may spread to the frontal lobe and limbic system; may result in hallucinations and bizare behaviour

40
Q

drug used for seizures

A

phenytoin which raises the threshold for neuron stimulation

41
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

is a progressive demyelination of the neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves; is characterized by remissions and exacerbations

42
Q

how does multiple sclerosis develop?

A

an inflammatory response causes a lesion and cells that normally don’t enter the brain do, and attack the myelin of neurons

43
Q

plaques meaning

A

are areas of demyelination and inflammation in MS which are normally located near the ventricles, the brain stem, and optic nerve

44
Q

how does the appearance of the brain change with multiple sclerosis?

A

is first appears pink and swollen, then grey and firm

45
Q

cause of multiple sclerosis

A

not understood but believed to be an autoimmune disorder caused by environmental, genetic, and immune components

46
Q

early sign of multiple sclerosis

A

blurred vision

47
Q

signs of multiple sclerosis

A

blurred vision, weakness in the legs, diplopia, dysarthria, paresthesia, and a spot in the visual field; later this progresses to immobility problems, emptying problems, and sexual dysfunction

48
Q

CSF in multiple sclerosis

A

elevated proteins, gamma globulin, and lymphocytes

49
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

is a progressive, degenerative disorder affecting the extrapyramidal tracts due to changes in the basal nuclei, specifically the substantia nigra, leading to a decrease in dopamine and an increase in general muscle tone

50
Q

what does the deficit in dopamine in parkinson’s lead to?

A

an imbalance between excitation and inhibition of the basal nuclei

51
Q

characteristic of dementia

A

decreased number of cortical neurons

52
Q

general signs of parkinson’s

A

increased tremors, pill rolling motion, shuffling gait, increased muscle tone and activity, muscular rigidity, and difficulty initiating movement

53
Q

cause of parkinson’s

A

linked to viruses and toxins, leading to changes in the mitochondria and release of free radicals

54
Q

lewy bodies

A

are presence of clumps of specific substances in brain cells which are present in parkinson’s

55
Q

early signs of parkinson’s

A

fatigue, muscle weakness, muscle aching, and decreased flexibility

56
Q

Lou Gehrig disease

A

is another name for ALS

57
Q

ALS

A

is muscle wasting and hardening of the lateral corticospinal tracts which affects UMNs and LMNs

58
Q

cause of ALS

A

astrocytes secrete a neurotoxin leading to degeneration of motor neurons

59
Q

what is not affected in ALS?

A

sensory neurons, cognitive function, and cranial nerves III, IV, and VI

60
Q

early signs of ALS

A

weakness and atrophy at the hands and digits

61
Q

signs of ALS

A

weakness, atrophy, falls, muscle cramps, paralysis, loss of speech, and impaired respiration

62
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

is an autoimmune disorder that impairs receptors for AcH at the neuromuscular junction due to immunoglobulin G autoantibodies, preventing stimulation of the muscle

63
Q

cause of myasthenia gravis

A

is often associated with thymus disorders like hyperplasia or a benign tumor

64
Q

what areas of the body are affected first in myasthenia gravis?

A

the face and eyes, followed by the trunk and arms

65
Q

signs of myasthenia gravis

A

muscle weakness, ptosis and diplopia, facial expressions are lost, impaired chewing and swallowing, and dropping head

66
Q

myasthenic crisis

A

can be due to stress or infection and causes increased muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis

67
Q

huntington’s disease

A

is a inherited disorder that does not manifest until midlife, in which there is progressive atrophy of the brain, causing degeneration of neurons

68
Q

what areas of the brain are affected in huntington’s?

A

the basal ganglia and frontal cortex

69
Q

what levels are reduced in huntington’s?

A

GABA and ACh

70
Q

inheritance of huntington’s disease

A

autosomal-dominant trait on chromosome 4

71
Q

signs of huntington’s

A

mood swings, personality changes, restlessness, jerky movements, and possible intellectual impairment

72
Q

dementia

A

is an umbrella term for disorders in which cortical function is decreased, impairing cognitive and motor skills, memory, and causing personality changes

73
Q

causes of dementia

A

vascular disease, infections, toxins, and genetic

74
Q

most common type of dementia

A

alzheimer’s

75
Q

pathophysiology of alzheimer’s

A

cortical atrophy leading to dilated ventricles and widening of the sulci, and the development of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques, as well as a defect of ACh

76
Q

plaques in alzheimer’s

A

are found in neurons and disrupt neural conduction through beta-amyloid precursor protein

77
Q

causes of alzheimer’s

A

is genetic in many cases, in which the gene is autosomal dominant and may be carried in chromosomes 1, 14, 19, and 21

78
Q

vascular dementia

A

is caused by cerebrovascular disease and frequently is a result of multiple, small brain infarctions and is common in those with hypertension

79
Q

Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease

A

is a rare form of dementia with a long incubation period but progresses rapidly and is caused by a prion which alters the shape of normal host PrPs, causing rapid destruction of neurons and production of plaques and vacuoles in the neurons

80
Q

AIDS dementia

A

in common in the late stages of AIDS when viruses like toxoplasma and candida invade brain tissue, causing impaired cognitive and motor function

81
Q

changes in the brain in schizophrenia

A

decreased grey matter in the temporal lobes, enlarged ventricles, excessive dopamine secretion, abnormal cells in the hippocampus and decreased BF to the temporal lobes

82
Q

cause of schizophrenia

A

genetic along with brain damage in the fetus, usually the cause of a virus

83
Q

positive schizophrenia symptoms

A

delusions and bizare behaviour

84
Q

negative schizophrenia symptoms

A

flat emotions and decreased speech

85
Q

general schizophrenia signs

A

disorganized thought patterns, meaningless repetition of words, delusions of false beliefs, hallucinations, impaired attention, and social withdrawl

86
Q

cause of depression

A

decreased activity by excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin and norepinephrine

87
Q

signs of depression

A

prolonged period of sadness and hopelessness, decreased appetite and lipido, lack of energy and self esteem, sleep disorders, and irritability

88
Q

panic disorder vs panic attack

A

panic disorder is when attacks are frequent and prolonged in situations that are not life threatening

89
Q

cause of panic disorder

A

an increased discharge of neurons in the temporal lobes and biochemical abnormalities involving norepinephrine, serotonin, and GABA

90
Q

herniated disc

A

involves the protrusion of the nucleus populous through a tear in the outer covering of the disc, and this exerts pressure on the spinal root and interferes with nerve conduction

91
Q

most common locations for herniated discs

A

L4 to L5 and sometimes L5 to S1

92
Q

lumbosacral herinations

A

causes pain in the lower back that radiates down one or both legs

93
Q

what actions radiate sciatic nerve pain?

A

coughing and straight leg raising

94
Q

cervical herination

A

causes pain in the neck and down the arms

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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