HLTH skin review Flashcards
2 ways that skin controls body temperature
cutaneous vasodilation and excretion of sweat
keratin
is a protein found in skin, hair, and nails that prevents water loss and entry into these areas
what skin layer is only found in thicker skin?
stratum lucidum
keratinization
is the process of cells forming in the stratum basale and moving upward and filling with keratin to eventually end up on the surface
albinism
is a recessive congenital condition in which the body lacks production of melanin
vitiligo
refers to areas of hypopigmentation in the skin that may gradually spread
Melasma, or chloasma
refers to areas of darker skin, often on the face, that may develop during pregnancy
anatomy of dermis
thick layer of CT that contains elastic and collagen fibres
papillae
junction of the dermis and epidermis
sebum
keeps the skin soft and hinders fluid loss; sebum secretions increase with puberty
eccrine glands
aka merocrine glands and these are located all over the body and secrete sweat through pores
apocrine glands
secretions open up into hair follicles and these are abundant in the axillae, face, scalp, and external genitalia
what is contained in the hypodermis
CT, fat, vessels, macrophages, and fibroblasts
only layer of the skin where mitosis occurs
stratum basalis
what layer does keratin production begin?
stratum granulosum
what produces hair?
the stratum basalis
macule
small, flat, and different colour than the skin
papule
small, firm, and elevated
nodule
like a paule (small, firm, and elevated) but penetrates deeper into the skin
pustule
elevated, red, and contains pus
vesicle
elevated, thin-walled, and contains fluid
plaque
large, elevated, flat surface, and scale-like layers
crust
rough surface with dried blood or exudate
lichenification
thick, dry, and rough surface like leather
keloid
raised, irregular, and results from excessive scar tissue
fissure
small, deep, linear crack in skin
ulcer
cavity with loss of tissue from epidermis and dermis
erosion
shallow moist cavity in only the epidermis
comedone
mass of sebum, cell debris, and keratin blocking a hair follicle
why does itching occur?
release of histamine and activation of pain receptors
contact dermatitis
is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction caused by allergens or direct chemical or mechanical damage to the skin
signs of allergic contact dermatitis
itching, red, swollen, and small vesicles
signs of non-allergic contact dermatitis
itching, red, and swollen (no vesicles)
treatment for contact dermatitis
topical glucocorticoids
urticaria meaning and other name
hives
hives
a result of a type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly caused by ingested substances
hives signs
itching and hard, raised, red lesions
complication of hives
may develop in the pharyngeal mucosa and cause airway obstruction
treatment for hives
antihistamines
atopic dermatitis other name
eczema
atopic meaning
inherited tendency toward allergic conditions
family history for eczema
eczema, hay fever, and asthma
what areas are normally affected by eczema?
flexor surfaces of the arms and legs and the hands and feet
what antibody is increased in eczema?
IgE
eczema signs in infants
itching, moist, red, vesicular, and crusty lesions which are symmetrical
eczema signs in adults
dry, itching, and scaling skin with lichenification lesions
treatment for eczema
topical glucocorticoids and antihistamines
psoriasis
genetic, chronic inflammatory skin disorder that can spread to the joints and is characterized by remissions and exacerbations and the increased thickening and shedding of the skin
how does psoriasis develop?
abnormal activation and T cells and release of cytokines in tissues; this leads to an excessive proliferation of keratinocytes
psoriasis signs
red, small papule that enlarges and develops a sliverly, plaque, joint inflammation, and pitted nails
treatment for psoriasis
topical therapy (corticosteroids and vitamin D), light therapy, and oral medications
pemphigus
is an autoimmune disorder that occurs in two forms; autoantibodies disrupt the cohesion between epidermal cells, causing blisters to form
pemphigus vulgaris
more common form in which the epidermis separates above the basal layer
pemphigus vulgaris signs
painful and not itchy blisters in mouth that spread to the skin; breathing problems may develop
pemphigus foliaceus
not painful and not itchy blisters on the skin
treatment for pemphigus
immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids
scleroderma
can affect both the skin and the viscera and is a result of increased collagen deposits; this causes reduced blood flow, leading to inflammation and fibrosis
signs of scleroderma
hard, shiny immovable areas of skin, loss of facial expression, and narrow and shortened fingertips; if in the viscera, renal, respiratory, or intestinal failure may develop
dupuytren’s contracture
is a slowly developing hand deformity that includes the development of knots underneath the skin, leading to a bent position of the hands
cellulitis
is an infection of the dermis and subQ tissue (commonly in the lower trunk and legs), usually arising secondary to an injury, furuncle, or ulcer, and is common in immunosuppressed individuals
causative organism for cellulitis
S aureus
signs of cellulitis
swelling, redness, pain, and red streaks running parallel to lymphatic vessels
furuncle
aka boil; infection that begins in a hair follicle and spreads into the surrounding dermis; common on the face, neck, and back
causative organism for furuncles
S aureus
signs of a furuncle
firm, red, painful nodule which develops into an abscess with purulent exudate
autoinoculation
refers to transfer of microorganism to one site to another commonly by the fingers
carbuncles
are a collection of furuncles that coalesce to form a larger mass
treatment for furuncles
warm compressions and pain medication
impetigo
highly contagious bacterial infection common in children
causative organism for impetigo
S aureus or a group-A beta hemolytic streptococcus
signs of impetigo
small red vesicles that erupt to form a yellow-brown crust with honey liquid and itching
treatment of impetigo
topical antibiotics
acute necrotizing fasciitis
rapid tissue invasion resulting in reduced blood flow and toxic protease enzymes, producing toxic shock
causative organism for acute necrotizing fasciitis
gram-positive, group A, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes
signs of acute necrotizing fasciitis
inflamed, painful, growing infection with dermal gangrene; systemic effects of toxic shock are fever, tachycardia, low BP, mental confusion, and possible organ failure
what does acute necrotizing fasciitis get misdiagnosed with?
cellulitis
treatment for acute necrotizing fasciitis
aggressive antimicrobial therapy, fluid replacements, removal of infected tissue, and oxygen therapy
causative organism of leprosy
mycobacterium leprae
leprosy
bacterial infection that is not that contagious and occurs in two types: multibacillary and paucibacillary
what areas of the body does leprosy affect?
the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves
paucibacillary
type of leprosy with less widespread lesions
multibacillary
type of leprosy that is more widespread with more tissue damage
signs of leprosy
macule skin lesions with no distinct borders and loss of feeling due to nerve damage
treatment for leprosy
antibiotics (rifampicin, minocycline, and ofloxacin)
bacteria skin infections
cellulitis, furuncles, impetigo, leprosy, and acute necrotizing fasciitis
how is herpes simplex spread?
direct contact with fluid from the lesion
complications of herpes simplex
can spread to the eyes, causing keratitis, or to the fingers causing herpetic whitlow
keratitis
is infection and ulceration of the cornea
herpes simplex lesions
painful vesicles that rupture to form a crust
verrucae
are warts caused by HPV; can be plantar, genital, or cervical warts
what are plantar warts caused by?
HPV 1-4
what are genital warts caused by?
HPV 6 and 11
what is cervical cancer caused by?
HPV 16 and 18
verrucae lesions
a papule with a distinct border and a rough, tan or white surface; sometimes are painful
mycoses
means fungal infection
what do fungi live off of?
the dead keratin of the skin
tinea capitis
is a fungal infection of the scalp
tinea capitis causative organisms
microsporum canis (from dogs and cats) or trichophyton tonsurans (from humans)
signs of tinea capitis
a circular bald patch, redness, and scaling
treatment for tinea capitis
oral antifungal called griseofulvin
tinea corporis
fungal infection of the non hairy body parts and appears as ringworm
tinea corporis signs
round red rings of vesicles or papules with clear centres and itching and/or burning
treatment for tinea corporis
topical antifungals like tolnaftate or ketoconazol
tinea pedis
aka athletes foot which involves the toes and feet; organisms can be opportunistic but spread under conditions of excessive warmth and moisture
causative organism for tinea pedis
trichophyton mentagrophytes or trichophyton rubrum
signs of tinea pedis
skin between toes becomes inflamed, painful and itchy fissures appear, and foul odor of the feet
tinea unguium
fungal infection of the toenails, in which the nail turns white then brown, thickens, cracks, and spreads to other nails
scabies
is invasion from a mite called sarcoptes scabiei, in which a mite penetrates the skin and reproduces, causing baby mites to penetrate other areas of the skin
signs of scabies
tiny light brown lines on the skin; small vesicles, swelling, redness, and itching due to fecal matter
common sites for scabies
between the fingers, the wrists, the waistline, and the inner surface of elbows
treatment for scabies
topical treatment with lindane
pediculosis meaning
lice
treatment for lice
topical permethrin, malathion, or pyrethrin and a fine tooth comb
keratoses
are benign lesions associated with aging or skin damage
seborrheic keratoses
result from basal cell proliferation, leading to an elevation darker in colour; often found on the face and upper neck
actinic keratoses
are the result of UV exposure and are common in fair skinned people and display are a pigmented, scaly patch; may develop into squamous cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
painless malignant tumor of the epidermis that develop as a result of sun exposure, leukoplakia, scar tissue, or smoking
signs of squamous cell carcinoma
scaly, slightly elevated and red lesion with an irregular border that may develop some central ulceration
where does squamous cell carcinoma spread to?
the lymph nodes
malignant melanoma
serious cancer that develops from melanocytes from the basal layer and is due to UV exposure, genetic influence, and hormones
nevus
word for mole which is a collection of melanocytes
kaposi sarcoma
is common in AIDs patients and develops from the endothelium of small blood vessels
what may be a cause of kaposi sarcoma
herpesvirus 8
signs of kaposi sarcoma
non-painful and non-itchy purple macules on the face, oral mucosa, scalp, and lower extremities
what layer of the epidermis contributes to protein synthesis for keratin?
the stratum spinosum
eledin
found in the stratum lucidum and is later transformed to keratin
