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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH skin review > Flashcards

HLTH skin review Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways that skin controls body temperature

A

cutaneous vasodilation and excretion of sweat

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2
Q

keratin

A

is a protein found in skin, hair, and nails that prevents water loss and entry into these areas

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3
Q

what skin layer is only found in thicker skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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4
Q

keratinization

A

is the process of cells forming in the stratum basale and moving upward and filling with keratin to eventually end up on the surface

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5
Q

albinism

A

is a recessive congenital condition in which the body lacks production of melanin

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6
Q

vitiligo

A

refers to areas of hypopigmentation in the skin that may gradually spread

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7
Q

Melasma, or chloasma

A

refers to areas of darker skin, often on the face, that may develop during pregnancy

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8
Q

anatomy of dermis

A

thick layer of CT that contains elastic and collagen fibres

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9
Q

papillae

A

junction of the dermis and epidermis

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10
Q

sebum

A

keeps the skin soft and hinders fluid loss; sebum secretions increase with puberty

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11
Q

eccrine glands

A

aka merocrine glands and these are located all over the body and secrete sweat through pores

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12
Q

apocrine glands

A

secretions open up into hair follicles and these are abundant in the axillae, face, scalp, and external genitalia

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13
Q

what is contained in the hypodermis

A

CT, fat, vessels, macrophages, and fibroblasts

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14
Q

only layer of the skin where mitosis occurs

A

stratum basalis

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15
Q

what layer does keratin production begin?

A

stratum granulosum

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16
Q

what produces hair?

A

the stratum basalis

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17
Q

macule

A

small, flat, and different colour than the skin

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18
Q

papule

A

small, firm, and elevated

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19
Q

nodule

A

like a paule (small, firm, and elevated) but penetrates deeper into the skin

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20
Q

pustule

A

elevated, red, and contains pus

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21
Q

vesicle

A

elevated, thin-walled, and contains fluid

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22
Q

plaque

A

large, elevated, flat surface, and scale-like layers

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23
Q

crust

A

rough surface with dried blood or exudate

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24
Q

lichenification

A

thick, dry, and rough surface like leather

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25
Q

keloid

A

raised, irregular, and results from excessive scar tissue

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26
Q

fissure

A

small, deep, linear crack in skin

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27
Q

ulcer

A

cavity with loss of tissue from epidermis and dermis

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28
Q

erosion

A

shallow moist cavity in only the epidermis

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29
Q

comedone

A

mass of sebum, cell debris, and keratin blocking a hair follicle

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30
Q

why does itching occur?

A

release of histamine and activation of pain receptors

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31
Q

contact dermatitis

A

is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction caused by allergens or direct chemical or mechanical damage to the skin

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32
Q

signs of allergic contact dermatitis

A

itching, red, swollen, and small vesicles

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33
Q

signs of non-allergic contact dermatitis

A

itching, red, and swollen (no vesicles)

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34
Q

treatment for contact dermatitis

A

topical glucocorticoids

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35
Q

urticaria meaning and other name

A

hives

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36
Q

hives

A

a result of a type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly caused by ingested substances

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37
Q

hives signs

A

itching and hard, raised, red lesions

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38
Q

complication of hives

A

may develop in the pharyngeal mucosa and cause airway obstruction

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39
Q

treatment for hives

A

antihistamines

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40
Q

atopic dermatitis other name

A

eczema

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41
Q

atopic meaning

A

inherited tendency toward allergic conditions

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42
Q

family history for eczema

A

eczema, hay fever, and asthma

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43
Q

what areas are normally affected by eczema?

A

flexor surfaces of the arms and legs and the hands and feet

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44
Q

what antibody is increased in eczema?

A

IgE

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45
Q

eczema signs in infants

A

itching, moist, red, vesicular, and crusty lesions which are symmetrical

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46
Q

eczema signs in adults

A

dry, itching, and scaling skin with lichenification lesions

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47
Q

treatment for eczema

A

topical glucocorticoids and antihistamines

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48
Q

psoriasis

A

genetic, chronic inflammatory skin disorder that can spread to the joints and is characterized by remissions and exacerbations and the increased thickening and shedding of the skin

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49
Q

how does psoriasis develop?

A

abnormal activation and T cells and release of cytokines in tissues; this leads to an excessive proliferation of keratinocytes

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50
Q

psoriasis signs

A

red, small papule that enlarges and develops a sliverly, plaque, joint inflammation, and pitted nails

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51
Q

treatment for psoriasis

A

topical therapy (corticosteroids and vitamin D), light therapy, and oral medications

52
Q

pemphigus

A

is an autoimmune disorder that occurs in two forms; autoantibodies disrupt the cohesion between epidermal cells, causing blisters to form

53
Q

pemphigus vulgaris

A

more common form in which the epidermis separates above the basal layer

54
Q

pemphigus vulgaris signs

A

painful and not itchy blisters in mouth that spread to the skin; breathing problems may develop

55
Q

pemphigus foliaceus

A

not painful and not itchy blisters on the skin

56
Q

treatment for pemphigus

A

immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids

57
Q

scleroderma

A

can affect both the skin and the viscera and is a result of increased collagen deposits; this causes reduced blood flow, leading to inflammation and fibrosis

58
Q

signs of scleroderma

A

hard, shiny immovable areas of skin, loss of facial expression, and narrow and shortened fingertips; if in the viscera, renal, respiratory, or intestinal failure may develop

59
Q

dupuytren’s contracture

A

is a slowly developing hand deformity that includes the development of knots underneath the skin, leading to a bent position of the hands

60
Q

cellulitis

A

is an infection of the dermis and subQ tissue (commonly in the lower trunk and legs), usually arising secondary to an injury, furuncle, or ulcer, and is common in immunosuppressed individuals

61
Q

causative organism for cellulitis

A

S aureus

62
Q

signs of cellulitis

A

swelling, redness, pain, and red streaks running parallel to lymphatic vessels

63
Q

furuncle

A

aka boil; infection that begins in a hair follicle and spreads into the surrounding dermis; common on the face, neck, and back

64
Q

causative organism for furuncles

A

S aureus

65
Q

signs of a furuncle

A

firm, red, painful nodule which develops into an abscess with purulent exudate

66
Q

autoinoculation

A

refers to transfer of microorganism to one site to another commonly by the fingers

67
Q

carbuncles

A

are a collection of furuncles that coalesce to form a larger mass

68
Q

treatment for furuncles

A

warm compressions and pain medication

69
Q

impetigo

A

highly contagious bacterial infection common in children

70
Q

causative organism for impetigo

A

S aureus or a group-A beta hemolytic streptococcus

71
Q

signs of impetigo

A

small red vesicles that erupt to form a yellow-brown crust with honey liquid and itching

72
Q

treatment of impetigo

A

topical antibiotics

73
Q

acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

rapid tissue invasion resulting in reduced blood flow and toxic protease enzymes, producing toxic shock

74
Q

causative organism for acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

gram-positive, group A, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes

75
Q

signs of acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

inflamed, painful, growing infection with dermal gangrene; systemic effects of toxic shock are fever, tachycardia, low BP, mental confusion, and possible organ failure

76
Q

what does acute necrotizing fasciitis get misdiagnosed with?

A

cellulitis

77
Q

treatment for acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

aggressive antimicrobial therapy, fluid replacements, removal of infected tissue, and oxygen therapy

78
Q

causative organism of leprosy

A

mycobacterium leprae

79
Q

leprosy

A

bacterial infection that is not that contagious and occurs in two types: multibacillary and paucibacillary

80
Q

what areas of the body does leprosy affect?

A

the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves

81
Q

paucibacillary

A

type of leprosy with less widespread lesions

82
Q

multibacillary

A

type of leprosy that is more widespread with more tissue damage

83
Q

signs of leprosy

A

macule skin lesions with no distinct borders and loss of feeling due to nerve damage

84
Q

treatment for leprosy

A

antibiotics (rifampicin, minocycline, and ofloxacin)

85
Q

bacteria skin infections

A

cellulitis, furuncles, impetigo, leprosy, and acute necrotizing fasciitis

86
Q

how is herpes simplex spread?

A

direct contact with fluid from the lesion

87
Q

complications of herpes simplex

A

can spread to the eyes, causing keratitis, or to the fingers causing herpetic whitlow

88
Q

keratitis

A

is infection and ulceration of the cornea

89
Q

herpes simplex lesions

A

painful vesicles that rupture to form a crust

90
Q

verrucae

A

are warts caused by HPV; can be plantar, genital, or cervical warts

91
Q

what are plantar warts caused by?

A

HPV 1-4

92
Q

what are genital warts caused by?

A

HPV 6 and 11

93
Q

what is cervical cancer caused by?

A

HPV 16 and 18

94
Q

verrucae lesions

A

a papule with a distinct border and a rough, tan or white surface; sometimes are painful

95
Q

mycoses

A

means fungal infection

96
Q

what do fungi live off of?

A

the dead keratin of the skin

97
Q

tinea capitis

A

is a fungal infection of the scalp

98
Q

tinea capitis causative organisms

A

microsporum canis (from dogs and cats) or trichophyton tonsurans (from humans)

99
Q

signs of tinea capitis

A

a circular bald patch, redness, and scaling

100
Q

treatment for tinea capitis

A

oral antifungal called griseofulvin

101
Q

tinea corporis

A

fungal infection of the non hairy body parts and appears as ringworm

102
Q

tinea corporis signs

A

round red rings of vesicles or papules with clear centres and itching and/or burning

103
Q

treatment for tinea corporis

A

topical antifungals like tolnaftate or ketoconazol

104
Q

tinea pedis

A

aka athletes foot which involves the toes and feet; organisms can be opportunistic but spread under conditions of excessive warmth and moisture

105
Q

causative organism for tinea pedis

A

trichophyton mentagrophytes or trichophyton rubrum

106
Q

signs of tinea pedis

A

skin between toes becomes inflamed, painful and itchy fissures appear, and foul odor of the feet

107
Q

tinea unguium

A

fungal infection of the toenails, in which the nail turns white then brown, thickens, cracks, and spreads to other nails

108
Q

scabies

A

is invasion from a mite called sarcoptes scabiei, in which a mite penetrates the skin and reproduces, causing baby mites to penetrate other areas of the skin

109
Q

signs of scabies

A

tiny light brown lines on the skin; small vesicles, swelling, redness, and itching due to fecal matter

110
Q

common sites for scabies

A

between the fingers, the wrists, the waistline, and the inner surface of elbows

111
Q

treatment for scabies

A

topical treatment with lindane

112
Q

pediculosis meaning

A

lice

113
Q

treatment for lice

A

topical permethrin, malathion, or pyrethrin and a fine tooth comb

114
Q

keratoses

A

are benign lesions associated with aging or skin damage

115
Q

seborrheic keratoses

A

result from basal cell proliferation, leading to an elevation darker in colour; often found on the face and upper neck

116
Q

actinic keratoses

A

are the result of UV exposure and are common in fair skinned people and display are a pigmented, scaly patch; may develop into squamous cell carcinoma

117
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

A

painless malignant tumor of the epidermis that develop as a result of sun exposure, leukoplakia, scar tissue, or smoking

118
Q

signs of squamous cell carcinoma

A

scaly, slightly elevated and red lesion with an irregular border that may develop some central ulceration

119
Q

where does squamous cell carcinoma spread to?

A

the lymph nodes

120
Q

malignant melanoma

A

serious cancer that develops from melanocytes from the basal layer and is due to UV exposure, genetic influence, and hormones

121
Q

nevus

A

word for mole which is a collection of melanocytes

122
Q

kaposi sarcoma

A

is common in AIDs patients and develops from the endothelium of small blood vessels

123
Q

what may be a cause of kaposi sarcoma

A

herpesvirus 8

124
Q

signs of kaposi sarcoma

A

non-painful and non-itchy purple macules on the face, oral mucosa, scalp, and lower extremities

125
Q

what layer of the epidermis contributes to protein synthesis for keratin?

A

the stratum spinosum

126
Q

eledin

A

found in the stratum lucidum and is later transformed to keratin

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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