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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: urinary tract obstructions, vascular disorders, and congenital disorders > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: urinary tract obstructions, vascular disorders, and congenital disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the urinary tract often obstructed by in older men?

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostatic cancer

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2
Q

common urinary tract obstructions

A

tumors, inflammation, scarring, stenosis, congenital defects, and renal calculi

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3
Q

kidney stones two other names

A

urolithiasis or renal calculi

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4
Q

kidney stones

A

can develop anywhere in the urinary tract and tend to form when there is an excessive amount of relatively insoluble salts in the filtrate or when fluid intake is insufficient; these can commonly cause infections

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5
Q

staghorn calculus

A

is a very large stone that forms in the renal pelvis and calyces in the shape of a deer’s antlers

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6
Q

how do kidneys stones develop?

A

once solid material forms, deposits continue to build up on this nidus, a form a larger mass along with cell debris

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7
Q

treatment for small kidney stones

A

increasing fluid intake

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8
Q

hydronephrosis

A

stretched or swollen kidneys that can develop from kidney stones, scar tissue, tumors, or untreated prostatic enlargement

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9
Q

what are kidney stones composed of?

A

calcium salts mainly, as well as small amounts of uric acid, struvite, or cystine

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10
Q

struvite

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate; found in kidney stones

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11
Q

calcium stones

A

consist of phosphate, oxalate, or carbonate and form when calcium levels in the urine and high because of hypercalcemia, perhaps because of a parathyroid tumor or metabolic disorder

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12
Q

when are calcium stones likely to form?

A

when the urine is highly alkaline, when there is inadequate fluid intake, and in those who are vegetarian

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13
Q

uric stones

A

develop due to hyperuricemia due to gout, high purine diets, or chemo, especially when the urine is acidic

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14
Q

signs of kidney stones

A

back pain, renal colic attack (pain in the back that radiates to the groin), nausea, vomiting, cool, moist skin, and rapid pulse

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15
Q

another name for back pain

A

flank pain

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16
Q

what confirms the diagnosis of kidney stones?

A

radiologic examination

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17
Q

treatment for kidney stones

A

small stones will pass on their own; larger stones may be treated with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, laser lithotripsy, and sometimes surgery

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18
Q

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

A

uses sound waves to break up the kidney stone

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19
Q

laser lithotripsy

A

uses a ureteroscope to located to stone and a scope-mounted laser to destroy it

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20
Q

surgical removal of kidney stones procedure

A

is called a percutaneous nephrolithotomy

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21
Q

what does continued buildup of urine cause?

A

necrosis of tissue and direct pressure and compression of the blood vessels

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22
Q

hydronephrosis signs

A

usually is asymptomatic but may be back pain

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23
Q

tumors in the urinary tract

A

are rare and are often malignant tumors of the bladder that occur in men over 50

24
Q

most common type of urinary tract cancer

A

bladder cancer

25
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

is a primary tumor arising from the tubule epithelium, more often in the renal cortex

26
Q

renal cell carcinoma spread

A

often metastases to the liver, lungs, bones, or CNS where it is diagnosed

27
Q

who is renal cell carcinoma common in?

A

men and smokers over 45

28
Q

signs of renal cell carcinoma

A

painless hematuria, dull, aching back pain, unexplained weight loss, anemia, and paraneoplastic syndromes such as hypercalcemia or cushing syndrome

29
Q

treatment for renal cell carcinoma

A

removing the kidney, as the kidneys are not responsive to chemo or radiation

30
Q

bladder cancer

A

are often malignant tumors in the transitional epithelium lining the bladder in the trigone area; it often develops as multiple tumors are tends to reccur

31
Q

how is bladder cancer diagnosed?

A

urine cytology and biopsy

32
Q

where does bladder cancer tend to metastasize to?

A

the pelvic lymph nodes, liver, and bone

33
Q

bladder cancer signs

A

hematuria, infection, dysuria, and frequency

34
Q

common population of those with bladder cancer

A

those working with chemicals such as dyes, rubber, or aluminum, cigarette smokers, and those taking lots of analgesics

35
Q

treatment for bladder cancer

A

surgery, chemo, radiation, and photoradiation

36
Q

photoradiation

A

is a combination of drug and laser treatment and has been successful for bladder cancer

37
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

involves vascular changes similar to arteriosclerosis in the kidney that involves thickening and narrowing of the walls, causing occlusion of the lumina

38
Q

result of nephrosclerosis

A

reduced blood supply to kidneys, causing ischemia and atrophy, increasing renin secretion, and increased blood pressure; destruction of the renal tissue and chronic renal failure may also occur

39
Q

causes of nephrosclerosis

A

can be a lesion, secondary to hypertension, or diabetes mellitus

40
Q

treatment for nephrosclerosis

A

antihypertensive agents, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and decreased sodium intake

41
Q

types of urinary system congenital disorders

A

vesicoureteral reflux, agenesis, hypoplasia, ectopic kidney, and fusion

42
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

is caused by a defective valve in the bladde

43
Q

agenesis

A

refers to a developmental failure of one kidney to develop and is asymptomatic

44
Q

hypoplasia

A

is a failure of the kidneys to develop to normal size, and is often unilateral; can result from fibrosis

45
Q

ectopic kidney

A

is a kidney and its ureter out of normal position, ex. lower in the abdominal or pelvic cavity; kidney function is normal but the ureter may become kinked, causing obstruction or infection

46
Q

fusion of kidneys

A

can occur during developmental, resulting in a single horseshoe kidney with normal function

47
Q

adult polycystic kidney most common form

A

is genetic and transmitted on an autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 16

48
Q

adult polycystic kidney

A

manifestations usually don’t appear until around age 40 when chronic renal failure becomes symptomatic and dialysis is required

49
Q

diagnosis for adult polycystic kidney

A

CT or MRI

50
Q

what happens in adult polycystic kidney?

A

multiple cysts develop in both kidneys and and gradually expand over the years, resulting in compression and destroyment of the kidney tissue leading to chronic renal failure

51
Q

what else may occur with adult polycystic kidney?

A

cysts can be found on other organs like the liver or cerebral aneurysms are found

52
Q

polycystic disease in children

A

is transmitted as a recessive gene and manifests at birth

53
Q

wilms tumor other name

A

nephroblastoma

54
Q

wilms tumor

A

is a rare, usually unilateral, tumor in children that is associated with defects in tumor-suppressor genes on chromosome 11 and may occur in conjunction with some other congenital defects

55
Q

signs of wilms tumor

A

around ages 3-4, clothes don’t fit or a unilateral bulge appears, high BP may also be apparent as well as pulmonary metastases

Anatomy and Phyisology (71 decks)

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