HLTH module 3 review immunity Flashcards
thymus role
development of T lymphocytes and programs the immune system to recognize self antigens
what do basophils bind to?
IgE
basophil role
release histamine
humoral immunity cell vs cell mediated
B cells are humoral and T are cell mediated
complement
group of inactive proteins in the circulation that, when activated, stimulate the release of other chemical mediators, promoting inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis
leukotrienes
group of lipids, derived from mast cells and basophils, which cause contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and have a role in development of inflammation
where are leukotrienes derived from?
mast cells and basophils
what are antigens produced of?
polysaccharides or proteins or glycoproteins
where are MHCs located?
chromosome 6
where are macrophages found?
liver, lungs, and lymph nodes
secondary immune response
is the activation of additional lymphocytes via macrophages secreting interleukins and monokines; it is a faster response and results in higher antibody levels
technique to monitor HIV patients
flow cytometry; this assesses the ratio of T to B cells
contact dermatitis is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
type IV
IgG
most common antibody and is present in both primary and secondary immune responses; activates complement; can cross placenta
IgM
bound to B lymphocytes; forms natural antibodies; involved in ABO incompatibility reaction
IgA
found in tears, saliva, and mucus membrane secretions
IgE
binds to mast cells and mucus membranes and is involved in the allergic response
IgD
binds to B cells and activates B cells
what antibodies is the complement system associated with?
IgG and IgM
cytokine storm
uncontrolled release of cytokines that can cause acute respiratory distress; is associated with h1v1, sars, and covid
what is required before transplant procedures
extensive MHC (HLC) typing
toxoid
is an altered or weakened bacterial toxin used in vaccines
passive immunity
occurs when antibodies are transferred from one person to another; is immediate but not long lasting
what antibody is passed across the placenta?
IgG
allograft
transferred between members of the same species; ex. from human to human
isograft
transfers between twins
autograft
tissue transferred from one body part to another in the same individual
xenograft
transferred between different species, ex. from pig to human
what type of hypersensitivity is tissue rejection?
type IV
host-versus-graft
occurs when the donar’s antibodies attack the transplant
graft-versus-host
when the graft contains T cells that attack the host
hyperacute rejection
occurs immediately
acute rejection
occurs over several weeks
chronic rejection
occurs over several months or years
common treatment for transplants
immunosuppressive therapy involving cyclosporine, azathioprine (Imuran), and prednisone, a glucocorticoid
antibody involved with type I hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
atopic hypersensitivity reaction
inherited tendency towards developing an allergy
type I reaction
IgE binds to a mast cell during exposure to an allergen, causing histamine release and anaphylaxis
types of reactions associated with a type I reaction
hives, airway constriction, nasal congestion, diarrhea, vomiting, eczema, or anaphylaxis
damaging effect of vasodilation
causes low BP
what antibodies are associated with a type II reaction?
IgG or IgM
example of a type II reaction
ABO blood incompatibility
type II reaction
circulating antibodies reaction with antigens, causing destruction of the cell by phagocytosis or by releasing cytotoxic enzymes
type III reaction
the antibody combines with an antigen, forming a complex that is deposited in tissues and this activates complement
serum sickness
occurs when many antibody-antigen complexes are deposited in various tissues
examples of type III reactions
systemic lupus, glomerulonephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis
type IV reaction
antigen binds to T lymphocytes and these release lymphokines
examples of type IV reactions
contact dermatitis or transplant rejection
systemic lupus erythematosus
autoimmune disease that affects various systems and presents symptoms of a butterfly rash, joint inflammation, glomerulonephritis, chest pain, heart inflammation, and anemia
Discoid lupus erythematosus
is a less serious version of the disease affecting only the skin
what hypersensitivity reaction is SLE associated with?
type III
SLE treatment
prednisone, a glucocorticoid and NSAIDs
primary deficiencies
indicate a basic developmental failure somewhere in the immune system, ex. bone marrow, thymus, or antibody synthesis
digeorge syndrome
hypoplasia of the thymus resulting in decreased T cells
hypogammaglobulinemia
low antibody levels due to a B cell deficit
secondary deficiencies
refers to loss of the immune response resulting from specific causes and may occur at any time during the life span; is associated with infection, removal of the spleen, or malnutrition
why stress may lead to immunodeficiency?
because glucocorticoids are released
when is an individual considered HIV positive?
when the virus is present but few clinical signs have appeared
HIV virus structure
two ss RNA part of the lentivirus family
what cells does HIV attack
mainly CD4 positive cells, but also macrophages and CNS cells
how is HIV usually tested for?
polymerase chain reaction and the number of antibodies
number of T cells for positive HIV diagnosis
less than 200 cells per cubic mL of blood
drug used for pregnant women with HIV
azidothymidine
what antibody is increased in HIV?
IgG
AIDS dementia
occurs in the acute phase and is HIV encephalopathy and can be caused by brain tumors or infections
frequent cause of death for AIDS
p. carniii
what does kaposi sarcoma affect?
the skin, mucus membranes, and internal organs
antiretroviral therpay
refers to the use of many antiviral drugs in HIV therapy
What does seroconversion mean in relation to HIV and AIDS?
Antibodies for HIV have been identified in the blood.
what reactions occur with transplants?
type IV and humoral response
enterotoxins
stimulate vomitting and are an exotoxin released by gram-positive bacteria
