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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH module 3 review immunity > Flashcards

HLTH module 3 review immunity Flashcards

1
Q

thymus role

A

development of T lymphocytes and programs the immune system to recognize self antigens

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2
Q

what do basophils bind to?

A

IgE

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3
Q

basophil role

A

release histamine

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4
Q

humoral immunity cell vs cell mediated

A

B cells are humoral and T are cell mediated

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5
Q

complement

A

group of inactive proteins in the circulation that, when activated, stimulate the release of other chemical mediators, promoting inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

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6
Q

leukotrienes

A

group of lipids, derived from mast cells and basophils, which cause contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and have a role in development of inflammation

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7
Q

where are leukotrienes derived from?

A

mast cells and basophils

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8
Q

what are antigens produced of?

A

polysaccharides or proteins or glycoproteins

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9
Q

where are MHCs located?

A

chromosome 6

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10
Q

where are macrophages found?

A

liver, lungs, and lymph nodes

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11
Q

secondary immune response

A

is the activation of additional lymphocytes via macrophages secreting interleukins and monokines; it is a faster response and results in higher antibody levels

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12
Q

technique to monitor HIV patients

A

flow cytometry; this assesses the ratio of T to B cells

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13
Q

contact dermatitis is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

type IV

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14
Q

IgG

A

most common antibody and is present in both primary and secondary immune responses; activates complement; can cross placenta

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15
Q

IgM

A

bound to B lymphocytes; forms natural antibodies; involved in ABO incompatibility reaction

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16
Q

IgA

A

found in tears, saliva, and mucus membrane secretions

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17
Q

IgE

A

binds to mast cells and mucus membranes and is involved in the allergic response

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18
Q

IgD

A

binds to B cells and activates B cells

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19
Q

what antibodies is the complement system associated with?

A

IgG and IgM

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20
Q

cytokine storm

A

uncontrolled release of cytokines that can cause acute respiratory distress; is associated with h1v1, sars, and covid

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21
Q

what is required before transplant procedures

A

extensive MHC (HLC) typing

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22
Q

toxoid

A

is an altered or weakened bacterial toxin used in vaccines

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23
Q

passive immunity

A

occurs when antibodies are transferred from one person to another; is immediate but not long lasting

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24
Q

what antibody is passed across the placenta?

A

IgG

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25
Q

allograft

A

transferred between members of the same species; ex. from human to human

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26
Q

isograft

A

transfers between twins

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27
Q

autograft

A

tissue transferred from one body part to another in the same individual

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28
Q

xenograft

A

transferred between different species, ex. from pig to human

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29
Q

what type of hypersensitivity is tissue rejection?

A

type IV

30
Q

host-versus-graft

A

occurs when the donar’s antibodies attack the transplant

31
Q

graft-versus-host

A

when the graft contains T cells that attack the host

32
Q

hyperacute rejection

A

occurs immediately

33
Q

acute rejection

A

occurs over several weeks

34
Q

chronic rejection

A

occurs over several months or years

35
Q

common treatment for transplants

A

immunosuppressive therapy involving cyclosporine, azathioprine (Imuran), and prednisone, a glucocorticoid

36
Q

antibody involved with type I hypersensitivity reactions

A

IgE

37
Q

atopic hypersensitivity reaction

A

inherited tendency towards developing an allergy

38
Q

type I reaction

A

IgE binds to a mast cell during exposure to an allergen, causing histamine release and anaphylaxis

39
Q

types of reactions associated with a type I reaction

A

hives, airway constriction, nasal congestion, diarrhea, vomiting, eczema, or anaphylaxis

40
Q

damaging effect of vasodilation

A

causes low BP

41
Q

what antibodies are associated with a type II reaction?

A

IgG or IgM

42
Q

example of a type II reaction

A

ABO blood incompatibility

43
Q

type II reaction

A

circulating antibodies reaction with antigens, causing destruction of the cell by phagocytosis or by releasing cytotoxic enzymes

44
Q

type III reaction

A

the antibody combines with an antigen, forming a complex that is deposited in tissues and this activates complement

45
Q

serum sickness

A

occurs when many antibody-antigen complexes are deposited in various tissues

46
Q

examples of type III reactions

A

systemic lupus, glomerulonephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis

47
Q

type IV reaction

A

antigen binds to T lymphocytes and these release lymphokines

48
Q

examples of type IV reactions

A

contact dermatitis or transplant rejection

49
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

autoimmune disease that affects various systems and presents symptoms of a butterfly rash, joint inflammation, glomerulonephritis, chest pain, heart inflammation, and anemia

50
Q

Discoid lupus erythematosus

A

is a less serious version of the disease affecting only the skin

51
Q

what hypersensitivity reaction is SLE associated with?

A

type III

52
Q

SLE treatment

A

prednisone, a glucocorticoid and NSAIDs

53
Q

primary deficiencies

A

indicate a basic developmental failure somewhere in the immune system, ex. bone marrow, thymus, or antibody synthesis

54
Q

digeorge syndrome

A

hypoplasia of the thymus resulting in decreased T cells

55
Q

hypogammaglobulinemia

A

low antibody levels due to a B cell deficit

56
Q

secondary deficiencies

A

refers to loss of the immune response resulting from specific causes and may occur at any time during the life span; is associated with infection, removal of the spleen, or malnutrition

57
Q

why stress may lead to immunodeficiency?

A

because glucocorticoids are released

58
Q

when is an individual considered HIV positive?

A

when the virus is present but few clinical signs have appeared

59
Q

HIV virus structure

A

two ss RNA part of the lentivirus family

60
Q

what cells does HIV attack

A

mainly CD4 positive cells, but also macrophages and CNS cells

61
Q

how is HIV usually tested for?

A

polymerase chain reaction and the number of antibodies

62
Q

number of T cells for positive HIV diagnosis

A

less than 200 cells per cubic mL of blood

63
Q

drug used for pregnant women with HIV

A

azidothymidine

64
Q

what antibody is increased in HIV?

A

IgG

65
Q

AIDS dementia

A

occurs in the acute phase and is HIV encephalopathy and can be caused by brain tumors or infections

66
Q

frequent cause of death for AIDS

A

p. carniii

67
Q

what does kaposi sarcoma affect?

A

the skin, mucus membranes, and internal organs

68
Q

antiretroviral therpay

A

refers to the use of many antiviral drugs in HIV therapy

69
Q

What does seroconversion mean in relation to HIV and AIDS?

A

Antibodies for HIV have been identified in the blood.

70
Q

what reactions occur with transplants?

A

type IV and humoral response

71
Q

enterotoxins

A

stimulate vomitting and are an exotoxin released by gram-positive bacteria

72
Q
A

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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