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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: common manifestations of GI disorders > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: common manifestations of GI disorders Flashcards

1
Q

anoerexia

A

is a loss of appetite and often precedes nausea and vomiting

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2
Q

what symptoms are associated with nausea and vomiting?

A

increased salivation, pallor, sweating, and tachycardia

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3
Q

where is the vomiting centre in the brain?

A

the medulla

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4
Q

what is vomiting activated by?

A

irritation in the GI tract, unpleasant sights of smells, pain, stress, motion sickness (vestibular apparatus), intracranial pressure, and drugs, toxins, or chemicals

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5
Q

why may drugs cause vomiting?

A

direct irritation of the digestive mucosa

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6
Q

vomiting relflex

A

occurs involuntary when you take a deep breath, close the glottis and raise the soft palate, cease respiration, relax the gastroesophageal sphincter, contract the abdominal muscles, and promote reverse peristaltic waves

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7
Q

retching

A

similar to vomiting but chyme ascends in the esophagus then falls back into the stomach

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8
Q

why can vomiting be exhausting?

A

because the muscles have to contract and energy is removed via food

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9
Q

when is there an increased risk of aspiration for vomiting?

A

when the individual is supine or unconscious, or when drugs may depress the vomiting reflex causing the respiratory tract to not be closed off

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10
Q

hematemesis

A

a brown, granular material resulting from the partial digestion in the stomach and contains blood

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11
Q

yellow-green vomit

A

usually contains bile

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12
Q

deeper brown vomit

A

indicates content from the lower intestine and can signify intestinal obstruction

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13
Q

recurrent vomiting meaning

A

may be a problem with gastric emptying such as pyloric obstruction

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14
Q

bulimia

A

an eating disorder in which an individual overeats and then vomits or takes laxatives

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15
Q

effects to the body from bulimia

A

damage to the oral cavity and teeth due to stomach acid, tears to the esophagus, constipation, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalances

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16
Q

treatment for bulimia

A

counseling, support groups, psychotherapy, nutritional therapy, and antidepressant drugs

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17
Q

diarrhea

A

excessive frequency of stools, usually of loose consistency; can be acute or chronic

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18
Q

what may be present in diarrhea that can be helpful is diagnosis?

A

blood, mucus, or pus

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19
Q

what may diarrhea lead to?

A

dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, and malnutrition

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20
Q

what are diarrheal diseases referred as?

A

enterocolitis

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21
Q

types of enterocolitis disorders

A

large-volume diarrhea, small-volume diarrhea, steartorrhea, and blood (frank, occult, and melena)

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22
Q

large volume diarrhea two subtypes

A

secretory or osmotic

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23
Q

large-volume diarrhea

A

leads to watery stool resulting from increased secretions into the intestine; often is related to infections which limit reabsorption or cause increase osmotic pressure of the intestines

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24
Q

what kind of diarrhea is lactose intolerance associated with?

A

large-volume

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25
why does lactose intolerance cause diarrhea
lactose remains undigested and unabsorbed inside the intestine, thereby increasing the osmotic pressure of the contents
26
27
small-volume diarrhea
often occurs in people with inflammatory bowel disease and the stoll may contain blood, mucus, or pus; associated with abdominal cramps and urgency
28
steatorrhea
fatty diarrhea marled by frequent bulky, greasy, loose stools often with a foul odor; often associated with malabsorption disorders
29
malabsorption disorders causing steatorrhea
celiac disease of cystic fibrosis
29
why is steatorrhea associated with fat?
because fat is usually the first dietary component affected
30
3 types of blood stool disorders
frank, occult, and melena
31
frank stool
red blood on the surface of stool; usually results from lesions in the rectum or anal canal
32
occult stoll
small, hidden amounts of blood in stool not visible to the eye; caused by small bleeding ulcers in the stomach or smal intestine
33
guacic test
can detect blood in stool
34
melena
dark-coloured stool that results from significant bleeding that has occured in the GI tract; intestinal bacteria have acted on the hemoglobin, causing the dark colour
35
gas causes
results from swallowed air and digestive and bacterial action of food
36
belching
expulsion of gas through the mouth
37
flatus
expulsion of gas through the anus
38
why may periods of constipation occur with diarrhea?
emptying of the bowel with diarrhea causes decreased peristalsis which results in increased time for reabsorption of fluid, leading to dry, hard feces; this then irritates the intestinal mucosa, leading to inflammation and increased secretions
39
causes of constipation
increased age (weakness of smooth muscles), inadequate fibre and fluid intake, failure to respond to the defecation reflex, neurological disorders, opiate or anticholinergic drugs, some medication, and obstruction of the GI tract
40
neurologic disorders that may cause constipation
multiple sclerosis or spinal cord trauma
41
why may drugs cause constipation?
opiates and anticholinergics block the PNS, and slow peristalsis
42
medication that can cause constipation
antacids, iron, or bulk laxatives along with decreased fluid intake
43
what may chronic constipation lead to?
hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, or fecla impaction
44
fecal impaction
retention of feces in the rectum and colon
45
common complications of digestive tract disorders
dehydration and hypovolemia; fluid shifts from the blood into the GI tract when vomiting, diarrhea, or insufficient fluid intake occurs; this can cause intracellular fluid to be lost
46
who are at risk of losses associated with fluid loss from the GI tract?
infants and elderly due to their unique proportions of fluid in the body and decreased kidney functions
47
why may electrolytes be lost in GI tract fluid losses?
because the mucus and enzyme secretions contain large amounts of electrolytes
48
what ion is particularly lost in diarrhea?
K+
49
why may vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?
because there are great losses of hydrochloric acid and H+ and Cl- ions and an increase in HCO3-
50
why may metabolic acidosis occur with vomiting?
when vomiting is severe, duodenal secretions containing large amounts of HC03- are lost; this results is ketoacidosis developing due to the glucose deficit and lactic acid accumulates as a result of hypovolemia
51
visceral pain in the digestive system
often causes pallor, sweating, nausea, or vomiting due to its associated with the ANS
52
types of digestive visceral pain
can be a burning sensation (due to inflammation and ulcers), a dull aching pain (stretching of the liver due to swelling), cramping (due to inflammation and stretching) or a colicky, severe pain (from recurrent smooth muscle spasm in response to inflammation or obstruction)
53
what might a burning sensation be due to?
oral ulcers and heartburn
54
somatic pain
a steady, intense, often well-localized abdominal pain that indicates involvement or inflammation of the parietal peritoneum; receptors are directly linked to spinal nerves
55
referred pain
the source of pain is perceived as a site distant from its organ; results when visceral and somatic nerves converge at one spinal cord level
56
some causes of malnutrition of iron
can be a lack of intrinsic factor, liver damage, or a bleeding ulcer causing iron deficiency
57
what may general malnutrition result from?
anorexia, vomiting, or diarrhea
58
another name for chronic diarrhea
wasting syndrome
59
how might cystic fibrosis cause malnutrition?
it can interfere with bile and pancreatic secretions by mucus plugs
60
common signs of malnutrition
chronic fatigue, reduced resistance to infection, and impaired healing
61
what is a BMI indicative of obsesity?
> 30
62
major complications of obesity
hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, arthritis, and CHF
63
common tests for digestive disorders
radiographs, X-rays films, ultrasounds, CT, MRI, fiberoptic endoscopy, lab analysis of stool, and blood tests
64
what testing can check for liver and pancreatic abnormalities?
CTs and MRIs
65
fiberoptic endoscopy
can allow for visualization or biopsy of various segments of the GI tract
66
how is cancer monitored in the GI tract?
sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy
67
what can blood tests look for in GI tract disorders?
serum protein levels, clotting times, serum liver enzymes, and bilirubin levels
68
common therapies and prevention
dietary modifications, stress reductions, and drugs
69
dietary modifications for GI tract disorders
varies for individuals but can be cutting out gluten, reducing alcohol or coffee, increased fibres and fluid, limited take intake, vitamins, reducing calories, and including exercise
70
stress reduction for GI tract disorders
can be used for those with peptic ulcers or chronic IBD (these are stress related); also stimulation of the SNS can lead to vasoconstriction and ischemia of the mucosa, causing subsuqeunmt inflammation and ulceration; it can also cause increased glucocorticoid secretion which has catobolic effects
71
antiemetic drugs examples
dimenhydrinate or prochlorperazine
72
antiemetic drugs action
reduce vomiting resulting from drugs, motion sickness, and radiation
73
antidiarrheal drugs example
loperamide, codeine, or paregoric
74
antidiarrheal drugs action
reduces intestinal motility
75
anti inflammatory drugs example
prednisone or sulfasalazine
76
anti inflammatory drug action
reduces inflammation; prednisone will also block the immune response, whereas sulfasalazine has antibacterial action
77
acid-reduction drug example
ranitidine (zantac) or lansoprazole (prevacid)
78
acid-reduction drug action
reduces secretion of HCl in the stomach
79
antimicrobial drug example
amoxicillin, cefoperazone, tetracycline, clarithromycin, and metronidazole
80
antimicrobial drug action
vary based on target culture and sensitivity
81
coating agent drug example
sucralfate (carafate)
82
coating agent drug action
covers ulcer to allow healing
83
antacid drug example
aluminum-magnesium combinations such as maalox
84
antacid drug action
reduces hyperacidity
85
laxative drug example
psyllium (metamucil) or docusate sodium (Colace_
86
anticholinergics drug example
pirenzepine or propantheline bromide
87
anticholinergics drug action
reduces PNS activities to reduce digestive secretions and mobility
88
histamine 2 blockers drug example
tagamet or zantac
89
histamine 2 blocker drug action
inhibit acid production in the stomach
90
proton pump drug example
prevacid or prilosec
91
proton pump drug action
reduce gastric secretions
92
what are antibacterial drugs often used in combination with?
a proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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