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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH 2501: common manifestations of GI disorders > Flashcards

HLTH 2501: common manifestations of GI disorders Flashcards

1
Q

anoerexia

A

is a loss of appetite and often precedes nausea and vomiting

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2
Q

what symptoms are associated with nausea and vomiting?

A

increased salivation, pallor, sweating, and tachycardia

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3
Q

where is the vomiting centre in the brain?

A

the medulla

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4
Q

what is vomiting activated by?

A

irritation in the GI tract, unpleasant sights of smells, pain, stress, motion sickness (vestibular apparatus), intracranial pressure, and drugs, toxins, or chemicals

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5
Q

why may drugs cause vomiting?

A

direct irritation of the digestive mucosa

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6
Q

vomiting relflex

A

occurs involuntary when you take a deep breath, close the glottis and raise the soft palate, cease respiration, relax the gastroesophageal sphincter, contract the abdominal muscles, and promote reverse peristaltic waves

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7
Q

retching

A

similar to vomiting but chyme ascends in the esophagus then falls back into the stomach

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8
Q

why can vomiting be exhausting?

A

because the muscles have to contract and energy is removed via food

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9
Q

when is there an increased risk of aspiration for vomiting?

A

when the individual is supine or unconscious, or when drugs may depress the vomiting reflex causing the respiratory tract to not be closed off

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10
Q

hematemesis

A

a brown, granular material resulting from the partial digestion in the stomach and contains blood

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11
Q

yellow-green vomit

A

usually contains bile

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12
Q

deeper brown vomit

A

indicates content from the lower intestine and can signify intestinal obstruction

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13
Q

recurrent vomiting meaning

A

may be a problem with gastric emptying such as pyloric obstruction

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14
Q

bulimia

A

an eating disorder in which an individual overeats and then vomits or takes laxatives

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15
Q

effects to the body from bulimia

A

damage to the oral cavity and teeth due to stomach acid, tears to the esophagus, constipation, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalances

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16
Q

treatment for bulimia

A

counseling, support groups, psychotherapy, nutritional therapy, and antidepressant drugs

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17
Q

diarrhea

A

excessive frequency of stools, usually of loose consistency; can be acute or chronic

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18
Q

what may be present in diarrhea that can be helpful is diagnosis?

A

blood, mucus, or pus

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19
Q

what may diarrhea lead to?

A

dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, and malnutrition

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20
Q

what are diarrheal diseases referred as?

A

enterocolitis

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21
Q

types of enterocolitis disorders

A

large-volume diarrhea, small-volume diarrhea, steartorrhea, and blood (frank, occult, and melena)

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22
Q

large volume diarrhea two subtypes

A

secretory or osmotic

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23
Q

large-volume diarrhea

A

leads to watery stool resulting from increased secretions into the intestine; often is related to infections which limit reabsorption or cause increase osmotic pressure of the intestines

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24
Q

what kind of diarrhea is lactose intolerance associated with?

A

large-volume

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25
Q

why does lactose intolerance cause diarrhea

A

lactose remains undigested and unabsorbed inside the intestine, thereby increasing the osmotic pressure of the contents

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

small-volume diarrhea

A

often occurs in people with inflammatory bowel disease and the stoll may contain blood, mucus, or pus; associated with abdominal cramps and urgency

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28
Q

steatorrhea

A

fatty diarrhea marled by frequent bulky, greasy, loose stools often with a foul odor; often associated with malabsorption disorders

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29
Q

malabsorption disorders causing steatorrhea

A

celiac disease of cystic fibrosis

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29
Q

why is steatorrhea associated with fat?

A

because fat is usually the first dietary component affected

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30
Q

3 types of blood stool disorders

A

frank, occult, and melena

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31
Q

frank stool

A

red blood on the surface of stool; usually results from lesions in the rectum or anal canal

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32
Q

occult stoll

A

small, hidden amounts of blood in stool not visible to the eye; caused by small bleeding ulcers in the stomach or smal intestine

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33
Q

guacic test

A

can detect blood in stool

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34
Q

melena

A

dark-coloured stool that results from significant bleeding that has occured in the GI tract; intestinal bacteria have acted on the hemoglobin, causing the dark colour

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35
Q

gas causes

A

results from swallowed air and digestive and bacterial action of food

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36
Q

belching

A

expulsion of gas through the mouth

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37
Q

flatus

A

expulsion of gas through the anus

38
Q

why may periods of constipation occur with diarrhea?

A

emptying of the bowel with diarrhea causes decreased peristalsis which results in increased time for reabsorption of fluid, leading to dry, hard feces; this then irritates the intestinal mucosa, leading to inflammation and increased secretions

39
Q

causes of constipation

A

increased age (weakness of smooth muscles), inadequate fibre and fluid intake, failure to respond to the defecation reflex, neurological disorders, opiate or anticholinergic drugs, some medication, and obstruction of the GI tract

40
Q

neurologic disorders that may cause constipation

A

multiple sclerosis or spinal cord trauma

41
Q

why may drugs cause constipation?

A

opiates and anticholinergics block the PNS, and slow peristalsis

42
Q

medication that can cause constipation

A

antacids, iron, or bulk laxatives along with decreased fluid intake

43
Q

what may chronic constipation lead to?

A

hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, or fecla impaction

44
Q

fecal impaction

A

retention of feces in the rectum and colon

45
Q

common complications of digestive tract disorders

A

dehydration and hypovolemia; fluid shifts from the blood into the GI tract when vomiting, diarrhea, or insufficient fluid intake occurs; this can cause intracellular fluid to be lost

46
Q

who are at risk of losses associated with fluid loss from the GI tract?

A

infants and elderly due to their unique proportions of fluid in the body and decreased kidney functions

47
Q

why may electrolytes be lost in GI tract fluid losses?

A

because the mucus and enzyme secretions contain large amounts of electrolytes

48
Q

what ion is particularly lost in diarrhea?

A

K+

49
Q

why may vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?

A

because there are great losses of hydrochloric acid and H+ and Cl- ions and an increase in HCO3-

50
Q

why may metabolic acidosis occur with vomiting?

A

when vomiting is severe, duodenal secretions containing large amounts of HC03- are lost; this results is ketoacidosis developing due to the glucose deficit and lactic acid accumulates as a result of hypovolemia

51
Q

visceral pain in the digestive system

A

often causes pallor, sweating, nausea, or vomiting due to its associated with the ANS

52
Q

types of digestive visceral pain

A

can be a burning sensation (due to inflammation and ulcers), a dull aching pain (stretching of the liver due to swelling), cramping (due to inflammation and stretching) or a colicky, severe pain (from recurrent smooth muscle spasm in response to inflammation or obstruction)

53
Q

what might a burning sensation be due to?

A

oral ulcers and heartburn

54
Q

somatic pain

A

a steady, intense, often well-localized abdominal pain that indicates involvement or inflammation of the parietal peritoneum; receptors are directly linked to spinal nerves

55
Q

referred pain

A

the source of pain is perceived as a site distant from its organ; results when visceral and somatic nerves converge at one spinal cord level

56
Q

some causes of malnutrition of iron

A

can be a lack of intrinsic factor, liver damage, or a bleeding ulcer causing iron deficiency

57
Q

what may general malnutrition result from?

A

anorexia, vomiting, or diarrhea

58
Q

another name for chronic diarrhea

A

wasting syndrome

59
Q

how might cystic fibrosis cause malnutrition?

A

it can interfere with bile and pancreatic secretions by mucus plugs

60
Q

common signs of malnutrition

A

chronic fatigue, reduced resistance to infection, and impaired healing

61
Q

what is a BMI indicative of obsesity?

A

> 30

62
Q

major complications of obesity

A

hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, arthritis, and CHF

63
Q

common tests for digestive disorders

A

radiographs, X-rays films, ultrasounds, CT, MRI, fiberoptic endoscopy, lab analysis of stool, and blood tests

64
Q

what testing can check for liver and pancreatic abnormalities?

A

CTs and MRIs

65
Q

fiberoptic endoscopy

A

can allow for visualization or biopsy of various segments of the GI tract

66
Q

how is cancer monitored in the GI tract?

A

sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy

67
Q

what can blood tests look for in GI tract disorders?

A

serum protein levels, clotting times, serum liver enzymes, and bilirubin levels

68
Q

common therapies and prevention

A

dietary modifications, stress reductions, and drugs

69
Q

dietary modifications for GI tract disorders

A

varies for individuals but can be cutting out gluten, reducing alcohol or coffee, increased fibres and fluid, limited take intake, vitamins, reducing calories, and including exercise

70
Q

stress reduction for GI tract disorders

A

can be used for those with peptic ulcers or chronic IBD (these are stress related); also stimulation of the SNS can lead to vasoconstriction and ischemia of the mucosa, causing subsuqeunmt inflammation and ulceration; it can also cause increased glucocorticoid secretion which has catobolic effects

71
Q

antiemetic drugs examples

A

dimenhydrinate or prochlorperazine

72
Q

antiemetic drugs action

A

reduce vomiting resulting from drugs, motion sickness, and radiation

73
Q

antidiarrheal drugs example

A

loperamide, codeine, or paregoric

74
Q

antidiarrheal drugs action

A

reduces intestinal motility

75
Q

anti inflammatory drugs example

A

prednisone or sulfasalazine

76
Q

anti inflammatory drug action

A

reduces inflammation; prednisone will also block the immune response, whereas sulfasalazine has antibacterial action

77
Q

acid-reduction drug example

A

ranitidine (zantac) or lansoprazole (prevacid)

78
Q

acid-reduction drug action

A

reduces secretion of HCl in the stomach

79
Q

antimicrobial drug example

A

amoxicillin, cefoperazone, tetracycline, clarithromycin, and metronidazole

80
Q

antimicrobial drug action

A

vary based on target culture and sensitivity

81
Q

coating agent drug example

A

sucralfate (carafate)

82
Q

coating agent drug action

A

covers ulcer to allow healing

83
Q

antacid drug example

A

aluminum-magnesium combinations such as maalox

84
Q

antacid drug action

A

reduces hyperacidity

85
Q

laxative drug example

A

psyllium (metamucil) or docusate sodium (Colace_

86
Q

anticholinergics drug example

A

pirenzepine or propantheline bromide

87
Q

anticholinergics drug action

A

reduces PNS activities to reduce digestive secretions and mobility

88
Q

histamine 2 blockers drug example

A

tagamet or zantac

89
Q

histamine 2 blocker drug action

A

inhibit acid production in the stomach

90
Q

proton pump drug example

A

prevacid or prilosec

91
Q

proton pump drug action

A

reduce gastric secretions

92
Q

what are antibacterial drugs often used in combination with?

A

a proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole

Anatomy and Phyisology (72 decks)

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